a. Même is also used as an adverb (invariable): Il nous a même insultés. Quand même il le dirait. He even insulted us. Even if he should say so. b. Même forms a number of highly idiomatic locution3: Cela revient au même. Êtes-vo vous à même de faire cela ? J'irai tout de même. That amounts to the same thing. Are you in a position to do that? 4. Plusieurs='several'; it is sometimes used in the sense 6 NOTE.-'Such,' as adverb, is si or tellement (not 'tel'): Une si belle étoile': - Un homme tellement cruel.' 6. Tout (singular) = 'all,' 'every,' 'any,' 'whole,' etc.; C'est tout; de tous côtés. Tout m'effraie. That is all; on all sides. a. Tout is often adverb='quite,' 'wholly,' 'very,' 'very much,' etc., and agrees like an adjective, when immediately preceding a feminine adjective with initial consonant or h aspirate, but is elsewhere invariable: Elles étaient toutes pâles et tout They were quite pale and very much agitées. excited. But Ils étaient tout pâles et tout agités, etc. NOTE. So also, in the compound tout-puissant, e.g., 'Elle est toute-puissante.' b. Observe the following idiomatic expressions: Tout le monde (cf. le monde entier). Tous les mois; pas du tout. Tous les deux jours. Tous (les*) deux or les deux. Tout à l'heure. Tout beau; tout doux. (Pour) tout de bon. Everybody (cf. the whole world). Every other (alternate) day. Both. Presently (or a little ago). Seriously. *Tous deux (trois, etc.)-without 'les'-usually denotes 'simultaneousness' (='both together,' etc.); les is obligatory above ten, and usual from five to ten. c. For the distinction between tout and chaque see §404, 2, a; for tout... que = 'however,' see §404, 5, b, note. 7. Un is used either alone or as correlative to autre : a. Un as a pronoun is often preceded by 1', especially with a de clause : L'un des consuls est arrivé. One of the consuls has come. (2) L'un l'autre, so also the feminine and plural, are combined into various correlative phrases, as follows: l'un l'autre = 'each other,' 'one another'; pl. ditto. l'un et l'autre = 'both'; pl., 'both,' 'all.' l'un ou l'autre ='either'; pl., ditto. ni l'un ni l'autre (. . . ne)='neither'; pl., 'neither,' 'none.' Quel que (+ subj. of être), whatever. que (+ subj.), what Qui que. ( + subj. of être), who ever. Quelconque, any (whatever, at all). Quiconque, whoever. Quelque . Obs.: For the use of the subjunctive, see § 270, 4: b. Qui que and quoi que are also used with ce before soit : Qui que ce soit qui le dise. Whosoever says it. Whatsoever he says. THE ADVERB. 408. Simple Adverbs. The following list contains the commoner simple adverbs: dorénavant, henceforth. pas, not. encore, still. ailleurs, elsewhere. peu, little. ainsi, thus, so. assez, enough, rather. aujourd'hui, to-day. auparavant, before. aussi, also, too, as. aussitôt, directly. autant, as much. autrefois, formerly. beaucoup, much. bien, well, very, much. bientôt, soon. cependant, however. certes, indeed. combien(?), how much(?). comme, as, like. comment (?), how(?). davantage, more. dedans, inside. dehors, outside. déjà, already. demain, to-morrow. derrière, behind. désormais, henceforth. dessous, under. dessus, above. devant, before. environ, about. exprès, on purpose. fort, very. ici, here. jadis, formerly. jamais, ever, never. là, there. loin, far(off), a long way. longtemps, (a) long (while). lors, then. maintenant, now. mal, badly. même, even. mieux, better. moins, less. ne..., not. néanmoins, nevertheless. non, no. où (?), where (?). oui, yes. partout, everywhere. point, not. pourquoi (?), why (?). pourtant, however. près, near (by). presque, almost. proche, near (by). puis, then, thereupon. quand (?), when(?). que!, how (!) quelquefois, sometimes. si, so; yes. souvent, often. surtout, especially. tant, so much. tantôt, soon, recently. tard, late. tôt, soon. toujours, always, still. tout, quite, entirely. toutefois, however. très, very. trop, too (much). vite, quickly. volontiers, willingly. 409. Adverbs from Adjectives. Most adjectives become adverbs by the addition of -ment to the feminine singular: a. Adjectives ending in a vowel, other than -e, drop the -e of the feminine on adding -ment: NOTE.-The omitted e is denoted by a circumflex accent in assidûment, continument, crûment, (in)dûment, gaiment (better 'gaiement'), nûment. b. The following adjectives in -e change e to é on adding -ment: c. The following adjectives change the added -e of the feminine to é: d. Adjectives in -ant, -ent (except lent, présent, véhément) assimilate -nt to m and add -ment to the masculine form: But: Lentement, slowly; présentement, presently; véhémentement, vehemently. e. Gentil gives gentiment, nicely; the adverb to bref is brièvement (from a parallel form), briefly; the adverb to impuni is impunément (probably from L. impune, cf. b, above), with impunity. f. The adverbs corresponding to bon, good, and mauvais, bad, are bien, well, and mal, badly. From bon comes regularly bonnement= 'simply.' |