the most commonplace maxims,—that of reflecting on them in direct reference to our own state and conduct, to our own past and future being."

Mature and sedate wisdom has been fond of summing up the results of its experience in weighty sentences. Solomon did so; the wise men of India and Greece did so; Bacon did so; Goethe in his old age took delight in doing so. Lucretius has his philosophical view of Time, which Creech has thus Englished:

Time of itself is nothing, but from Thought
Receives its rise, by lab'ring fancy wrought
From things consider'd, while we think on some

As present, some as past, or yet to come.

No thought can think on Time,

But thinks on things in motion or at rest.

Ovid has some illustrations, which Dryden has thus translated:

Nature knows

No steadfast motion, but or ebbs or flows.
Ever in motion, she destroys her old,
And casts new figures in another mould.
Even times are in perpetual flux, and run,
Like rivers from their fountains rolling on.
For Time, no more than streams, is at a stay,-
The flying hour is ever on her way;
And as the fountain still supplies her store,
The wave behind impels the wave before;
Thus in successive course the minutes run,
And urge their predecessor minutes on,
Still moving, ever anew; for former things
Are set aside, like abdicated kings;
And every moment alters what is done,
And innovates some act till then unknown.

Time is th' effect of motion, born a twin,
And with the worlds did equally begin:
Time, like a stream that hastens from the shore,
Flies to an ocean where 'tis known no more :
All must be swallow'd in this endless deep,

And motion rest in everlasting sleep.

Thy teeth, devouring Time! thine, envious Age!
On things below still exercise your rage;
With venom'd grinders you corrupt your meat,
And then, at ling'ring meals, the morsels eat.

The comparison to a river is more amply developed by

a modern poet:

The lapse of time and rivers is the same:

Both speed their journey with a restless stream;
The silent pace with which they steal away,
No wealth can bribe, no prayers persuade to stay:
Alike irrevocable both when past,

And a wide ocean swallows both at last.

Though each resembles each in every part,

A difference strikes, at length, the musing heart:
Streams never flow in vain; where streams abound,
How laughs the land with various plenty crown'd!
But time, that should enrich the nobler mind,
Neglected, leaves a dreary waste behind.

An old playwright makes him a fisher by the stream:
Nay, dally not with time, the wise man's treasure,
Though fools are lavish on't-the fatal fisher

Hooks souls, while we waste moments.

Horace has some lines, thus paraphrased by Oldham :

Alas! dear friend, alas! time hastes away,
Nor is it in your power to bribe its stay;
The rolling years with constant motion run,
Lo while I speak, the present minute's gone,
And following hours still urge the foregoing on.
"Tis not thy wealth, 'tis not thy power,

'Tis not thy piety can thee secure ;

They're all too feeble to withstand

Gray hairs, approaching age, and thy avoidless end.
When once thy glass is run,

When once thy utmost thread is spun,

"Twill then be fruitless to expect reprieve;

Could'st thou ten thousand kingdoms give

In purchase for each hour of longer life,

They would not buy one gasp of breath,

Nor move one jot inexorable death.

Perhaps there is no illustration in our language more impressive than Young's noble apostrophe, commencing:

The bell strikes one. We take no note of time

But from its loss: to give it, then, a tongue
Is wise in man. As if an angel spoke,

I feel the solemn sound. If heard aright,

It is the knell of my departed hours.

Where are they? With the years beyond the flood.

*

*

*

*

O time! than gold more sacred; more a load
Than lead to fools, and fools reputed wise.
What moment granted man without account?
What years are squandered, wisdom's debt unpaid!
Our wealth in days all due to that discharge.

*

Time's Beguilings.

Youth is not rich in time; it may be poor;
Part with it as with money, sparing; pay
No moment, but in purchase of its worth;
And what's it worth, ask death-beds; they can tell.
Part with it as with life, reluctant; big

With holy hope of nobler time to come.

But why on time so lavish is my song?

On this great theme kind Nature keeps a school
To teach her sons herself. Each night we die-
Each morn are born anew; each day a life;
And shall we kill each day? If trifling kills,
Sure vice must butcher. Oh, what heaps of slain
Cry out for vengeance on us; time destroyed
Is suicide, where more than blood is spilt.

Throw years away!

Throw empires, and be blameless: moments seize ;
Heaven's on their wing: a moment we may wish,
When worlds want wealth to buy. Bid day stand still,
Bid him drive back his car, and re-impart

The period past, regive the given hour.

O for yesterdays to come!

5

How exquisite is this beguiling of time in Paradise Lost.

With thee conversing I forget all time;

All seasons, and their change, all please alike.

How beautifully has Burns alluded to these influences, in his "Lines to Mary in Heaven :"

Time but the impression deeper makes,

As streams their channels deeper wear.

The Hon. W. R. H. Spencer has something akin to this in his "Lines to Lady A. Hamilton:"

Too late I stay'd; forgive the crime;
Unheeded flew the hours;

How noiseless falls the foot of Time
That only treads on flow'rs!

Edward Moore, in one of his pleasing Sougs, thus points

to these charming influences:

Time still, as he flies, adds increase to her truth,

And gives to her mind what he steals from her youth.

The best lessons of life are to be learnt in his school:

Taught by time, my heart has learn'd to glow

For others' good, and melt at others' woe.

How well has Shakspeare expressed this work of the great reconciler:

Time's glory is to calm contending kings,

To unmask falsehood, and bring truth to light,
To stamp its seal on aged things,

To wake the morn, and sentinel the night,
To wrong the wronger, till he render right.

Elsewhere Shakspeare paints him as the universal balm:

Cease to lament for that thou can'st not help,
And study help for that which thou lament'st.
Time is the nurse and breeder of all good.

It is notorious to philosophers, that joy and grief can hasten and delay time. Locke is of opinion that a man in great misery may so far lose his measure, as to think a minute an hour; or in joy make an hour a minute. Shakspeare's "divers paces" of Time is too familiar for quotation here. Time's Garland is one of the beauties of Drayton's "Elysium of the Muses:"

The garland long ago was worn

As Time pleased to bestow it:

The Laurel only to adorn

The conqueror and the poet.
The Palm his due who, uncontroll'd,
On danger looking gravely,

When fate had done the worst it could,
Who bore his fortunes bravely.

Most worthy of the Oaken wreath
The ancients him esteemed,
Who in a battle had from death
Some man of worth redeemed.
About his temples grave they tie,
Himself that so behaved,

In some strong siege by th' enemy,
A city that hath saved.

A wreath of Vervains heralds wear,
Amongst our garlands named,
Being sent that dreadful news to bear,
Offensive war proclaimed.

The sign of peace who first displays,
The Olive wreath possesses;
The lover with the Myrtle sprays
Adorns his crisped tresses.

In love the sad forsaken wight

The Willow garland weareth;

The funeral man, befitting night,
The baleful Cypress beareth.

To Pan we dedicate the Pine,

Whose slips the shepherd graceth;

Again the Ivy and the Vine

On his front Bacchus placeth.

Time's Mutations.

7

They who so stanchly oppose innovations, should remember Bacon's words: "Every medicine is an innovation, and he that will not apply new remedies must expect new evils; for time is the greatest innovator; and if time of course alter things to the worse, and wisdom and counsel shall not alter them to the better, what shall be the end?"

How much time has to do with our successes is thus solemnly told by the Preacher: "The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all."-Ecclesiastes ix. 11.

How truthfully has Dr. Johnson said: "So little do we accustom ourselves to consider the effects of time, that things necessary and certain often surprise us like unexpected contingencies. We leave the beauty in her bloom, and, after an absence of twenty years, wonder, at our return, to find her faded. We meet those whom we left children, and can scarcely persuade ourselves to treat them as men. The traveller visits in age those countries through which he rambled in his youth, and hopes for merriment in the old place. The man of business, wearied with unsatisfactory prosperity, retires to the town of his nativity, and expects to play away the last years with the companions of his childhood, and recover youth in the fields where he once was young."

Dr. Armstrong, the friend of Thomson, has left this solemn apostrophe on the Wrecks and Mutations of Time:

What does not fade? the tower that long had stood
The crush of thunder and the warring winds,

Shook by the slow but sure destroyer Time,

Now hangs in doubtful ruins o'er its base,
And flinty pyramids and walls of brass
Descend. The Babylonian spires are sunk;
Achaia, Rome, and Egypt moulder down.
Time shakes the stable tyranny of thrones,
And tottering empires rush by their own weight.
This huge rotundity we tread grows old,
And all these worlds that roll around the sun;
The sun himself shall die, and ancient night
Again involve the desolate abyss,

Till the Great Father, through the lifeless gloom,
Extend his arm to light another world,

And bid new planets roll by other laws.