XXXV. CONJUNCTIONS.

France and Switzerland are republics.

I went because he asked me.

1. The word and makes one statement out of what would have to be two: France is a republic, Switzerland is a republic. The word because connects the two statements, I went, and he asked me, into one sentence.

And and because are called Conjunctions.

2. DEFINITION.-A Conjunction joins words to words, sentences to sentences, or shows the dependence of one statement upon another.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

1. "Polly and Annie sing nicely."

2. "The ship sails swiftly, although she is heavily laden."

And is a Conjunction, connecting statements by joining the two nouns of the subject, Polly and Annie. Although introduces a dependent statement.

3. DEFINITION.-Conjunctions connecting words or statements of the same rank in a sentence are called CO-ORDINATIVE CONJUNCTIONS.

4. There is another class of Conjunctions, called Subordinative Conjunctions.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

1. I will not go unless you accompany me.

2. I will help you, if you wish me.

Unless is a Conjunction, connecting the two statements, I will not go, and you accompany me. If is a Conjunction, connecting the two statements, I will help you, and you wish me.

5. DEFINITION.-Conjunctions connecting a qualifying or dependent statement with a principal statement are called SUBORDINATIVE CONJUNCTIONS.

6. The principal Co-ordinative Conjunctions are and, but, or, therefore. The principal Subordinative Conjunctions are that, if, though, unless.

Exercise 33.

A.

Name the CONJUNCTIONS, and tell if they are CO-ORDINATIVE or SUBORDINATIVE.

1. I went first, and he followed me.

2. Neither soldiers nor sailors could advance.

3. I will tell him if he ask me.

4. No harm was done, though the storm was very severe.

5. We loved him because he first loved us.

6. I did not know that your brother had hurt himself.

B.

Supply Conjunctions, to connect the following state

ments:

1. The clouds soon passed away,

sunshine succeeded.

2. The wicked may prosper for a time, - they will receive retribution in the end.

3. Contentment is better

4. He was gentle in manner,

riches.

5. We shall improve — we study.

6. Life is so uncertain

resolute in action.

we should always be prepared for death.

7. DEFINITION.-Interjections express sudden or strong feeling. Interjections are often followed by a punctuationmark called the point of exclamation.

1. Lo! yonder doth Earl Douglas come.
2. Alas! what a loss we have suffered.
3. Oh! they are not worth talking about.
4. Ah! papa, I have found you out.
5. Well, what can I do for you?

XXXVI. REVIEW LESSON.

I. The Parts of Speech.

1. Words are divided into eight classes, called the Parts of Speech. These are

1. Nouns.

2. Pronouns.

3. Adjectives.
4. Verbs.

I. Nouns........
II. Pronouns...
III. Adjectives......
IV. Verbs...

V. Adverbs......
VI. Prepositions..
VII. Conjunctions.....
VIII. Interjections.

5. Adverbs.

6. Prepositions.
7. Conjunctions.
8. Interjections.

are name-words.
stand for nouns.

.describe or limit things.
.are statement-words.

describe actions and qualities.
..link words.

.connect words or statements. ..express sudden feeling.

2. IMPORTANT DIRECTION.-In telling the Parts of Speech, scholars must bear in mind that it is the use of a word that determines the class which it belongs to. The same word may be any one of two or three Parts of Speech, according to its use in the sentence. Thus:

1. People that live in glass houses should not throw

stones.

The word glass in this sentence is an Adjective, because it is used to describe the thing, houses. In the sentence, "Windows are made of glass," the same word is a Noun, because in this use it is a naming word.

2. Sometimes we see a ship; sometimes we ship a

sea.

The word ship in this sentence is, as used first, a Noun, because it names a thing; as next used, a Verb, because it makes a statement.

3. Without one if or but.

The words if and but are usually Conjunctions; as here used, they are Nouns.

4. Come to me at four o'clock, that [Conjunction] I may show you how to do that [Adjective] puzzle that [Pronoun] I got for you.

As a review exercise, let the scholars open their Readers and tell the Parts of Speech in a number of pieces.

II.-Inflection of Words.

3. The same word may be used in various ways, to express the same thing differently. But we must then alter the form of the word, to suit the intended change of thought. Such changes in the form of words are called Inflections.

4. Five of the eight classes of words change their form, that is, are inflected. These are Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, and Verbs. Three-Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections-are not inflected, that is, undergo no change.

5. A Noun is inflected to mark the Plural Number and the Possessive Case.

For the mode of forming the Plural of Nouns, review Lessons IX., X., and XI. For the formation of the Possessive Case, review Lesson XVII.

6. Pronouns are changed to express Person, Number, Gender, and Case.

(a.) The three persons-speaker, person spoken to, and person or thing spoken of-have different words to denote them. Thus: First Person, I, Second Person, you; Third Person, he, she, it.

(b.) The Plural of I is we; of you (old form, thou), is you; of he, she, and it, is they.

(c.) The third Personal Pronoun alone has different words for the genders — he being male, or masculine; she, female, or feminine; it, neuter—that is, neither gender-since it generally stands for a lifeless object.

(d.) Pronouns have three Cases; thus, Nominative, he; Possessive, his; Objective, him. For the inflections of the Pronouns, review Lesson XXV.

7. Adjectives and Adverbs are inflected to express the Comparative and the Superlative degree.

The inflection for the Comparative degree of Adjectives and Adverbs is the suffix er; for the Superlative degree, the suffix est. For the comparison of Adjectives, review Lesson XIV.; for the comparison of Adverbs, review Lesson XVIII.

8. Verbs are inflected to mark the various Persons, Numbers, and Tenses.

The principal inflections of the Verb are:

(1.) S is added for the Third Person Singular of the Present Tense. In the other Tenses there is no inflection for Person.

(2.) Ed is added to all Regular Verbs to form the Past Tense and the Past Participle. The Past Tense and the Past Participle of Irregular Verbs are formed in a great variety of ways.

(3.) Ing is the inflection for the Present Participle of all Verbs. The other changes in Verbs are made not by inflections, but by the use of auxiliary words.

Exercise 34.

Tell the INFLECTIONS in the following words; give the. simple form of the word, and tell the USE of the inflection: MODEL.- -"Child's :" apostrophe with s is an inflection added to the simple form of the Noun child, and marks the Possessive Singular.