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LIV. COMPLEX SENTENCES.

I shall be ready when you call me.
He will learn if you teach him.

1. The first sentence consists of two statements, of which the second, when you call me, qualifies the Predicate of the other, I shall be ready. The second sentence is of two parts, of which one, if you teach him, is a supposition qualifying the other, or principal statement, he will learn.

2. DEFINITION.-A sentence consisting of two or more statements joined together, so that one statement is principal and the other subordinate, is called a COMPLEX SEN

TENCE.

3. The principal part is called the principal member; the subordinate part is called a clause.

4. Clauses are generally joined to principal members, (1.) By Subordinative Conjunctions, such as that and if.

(2.) By the Relative Pronouns-who, which, that, what.

(3.) By Relative Adverbs-when, where, why. 5. There are three kinds of clauses:

The Noun Clause.

The Adjective Clause.
The Adverbial Clause.

(1.) The Noun Clause.

6. DEFINITION.-A clause which is the subject or the object of the principal member, is called a Noun Clause; as, "Do you remember what I said?"

Exercise 51.

A.

Point out the NOUN CLAUSES in the following sentences, and tell whether they are subjects or objects.

1. They soon saw that the elephant's mouth was underneath his trunk. 2. No one could tell what had become of him. 3. That we get leather from skins, is known to every one. 4. Where Homer was born, is not known. 5. Every one thought the tree would be blown down.

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7. DEFINITION.—A Clause that qualifies a Noun is called an Adjective Clause; as, "Those birds that live on other animals are called birds of prey."

Exercise 52.
A.

Point out the ADJECTIVE CLAUSES, and tell what Nouns they qualify.

1. I know a story of an eagle, which you will like to hear. 2. The crowd that had gathered round to welcome her now stood back. 3. Franklin, who was a great philosopher, was born in Boston. 4. We get silk from a caterpillar which is called the silk-worm. 5. The house where Shakspeare was born still stands. 6. Among the foreigners who repaired to Egypt to buy corn were the brethren of Joseph. 7. The Scots, who advanced to York, ravaged the country with unsparing fury. 8. The minutest animal that is attentively examined affords a thousand wonders. 9. The heart of Robert Bruce, which was preserved in a silver case, was consigned to the care of Douglas.

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2. The hides of oxen and sheep are sold to the tanner

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8. DEFINITION.-A Clause that qualifies the Verb of the Principal Member is called an Adverbial Clause; as, "The daisy shuts her eye when the dew begins to fall.”

Exercise 53.
A.

Point out the ADVERBIAL CLAUSES.

1. We shall sail when the moon rises. 2. The sugar-cane is pressed between heavy rollers till all the juice runs out. 3. As they drew near the nest, the eagle dashed by. 4. If we study, we shall improve. 5. You will not succeed unless you persevere.

B.

Supply ADVERBIAL CLAUSES.

1. We shall be glad to see you

2. Come

3. I will tell you a secret.

4. Charles had not been five minutes on the ice

5. We shall learn a great many things

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LV. ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES.

In analyzing Complex Sentences, proceed as follows: I. Tell which is the Principal Member.

II. Tell which is the Clause.

III. Tell what Connective joins the Clause with the Principal Member.

IV. Then analyze the Principal Member and the Clause, as in the case of Simple Sentences.

Model of Analysis.
Example 1.

When the war closed, Washington retired to Mount Vernon.

This is a Complex Sentence. The Principal Member is, "Washington retired to Mount Vernon." The Clause (or subordinate proposition) is, "when the war closed." The Connective is the Relative Adverb when. The Subject of the Principal Member is Washington. The Predicate is retired. The Predicate is enlarged by the Adverbial Phrase, to Mount Vernon. The Subject of the clause is, the war.

The Predicate is, closed.

Exercise 54.

Analyze the following COMPLEX SENTENCES:

1. If you would be happy, you must be active.

2. We get silk from a caterpillar which is called the silk-worm. 3. I shall be ready when you call me.

4. He is proud that he is a soldier.

5. Wait till you see.

6. The sea, after it had spent its fury, became calm.

7. When the door was opened, the people crowded into the hall.

8. And when he next doth ride abroad,

May I be there to see.

LVI. EXPANDING AND CONTRACTING SENTENCES.

1. RULE.-A Simple Sentence is transformed into a Complex Sentence by changing a word or Phrase into a Clause. A Complex Sentence is transformed into a Compound Sentence by changing a Clause into a Principal Member.

(1.) Simple to Complex.

"At the conclusion of the battle, the commander began to count his loss."

What kind of a sentence is this? A Simple Sentence, because it contains but one Subject, the commander, and one Predicate, began to count his loss.

What is the expression, at the conclusion of the battle? It is an Adverbial Phrase, qualifying the Verb began.

2. Now we may, by a little change, make this a Complex Sentence. Instead of saying, at the conclusion of the battle, we may say, when the battle was concluded.

The expression, when the battle was concluded, is more than a phrase, it is a clause; and if we unite this with the other statement, the commander began to count his loss, we shall have the following Complex Sentence: "When the battle was concluded, the commander began to count his loss."

3. Let us now take another example: "Mary being ill, we had to go to the picnic without her."

This is a Simple Sentence. But change the phrase, Mary being ill, into the clause, as Mary was ill, and we have the Complex Sentence: “As Mary was ill, we had to go to the picnic without her.”

4. Take a third example: "The discoveries of Livingstone, one of the greatest travelers of modern times, have taught us much about the interior of Africa."

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