so harassed by people of other tribes that they have come to look upon a stranger as an enemy and to treat him as such. It is more than likely, however, that when a stranger has gained their confidence they are perfectly friendly. Doubtless in times past these little blacks have been many times attacked by the Malayan tribes and forced to abandon their homes and to seek others in less accessible places. Negritos in other parts of the Philippines are timid and anxious to avoid strangers. It has been noticed in Surigao that the Mamanuas who make every effort to escape from strangers will on the occasion of a second meeting, even if it is accidental, give a friendly, confiding smile and show no desire to run away.

The Bataks of Tarabanan and Langugan are said to have killed. prisoners who escaped from the Spanish authorities and fled into the interior of the island. It is easy to believe, however, that these escaped prisoners treated the Bataks in such a way as to force them to retaliate.

All offenses and crimes less than murder and adultery are punishable by whipping. In the case of murder the brother, father, or other relative has the right to take vengeance in the same hour that the crime was committed, and if he does not do this is entitled to a fine of 100 chenantin, which has the value with them of about 20 pesos, Mexican currency. But the adjusters of the fine have the power of making the equivalent of the chenantin 1 peso. As marriage among the Bataks is indissoluble, adultery is punished only by whipping; but if the husband gives his consent, the woman may go with the other man, the latter paying a fine of not less than 100 bandi; if the husband withholds his consent, the adulterer, even though he does not possess himself of the woman, must pay a fine of 100 bandi. If the husband is willing, both men may have the same woman and live in the same house, but in this case the second husband is no more than a servant for the first. The first has all the authority and does no work. The same rule applies when a man has two wives.

If a boy wishes to marry a girl he has the right to ask for her, paying later a bandi (price or fine), as do the Tagbanuas of Apurahuan. Their marriages are accompanied by no religious ceremony as those of the Tagbanuas are. The rice ceremony has been described already. If the parties are rich or powerful a feast follows the ceremony.

At the birth of a child a name is given to it which is suggested by the place of birth, though there is no ceremony of any kind. The child often bears a Christian name.

All diseases which are of a contagious nature become pestilences among the Bataks, because they are extremely filthy and diseases are easily communicated. Even catarrh is a scourge among them. They are said to quarantine or drive out of the tribe those who suffer from it, and in time past even buried them alive. The most common diseases are pustules and herpes and other local troubles..