his reader. His 'Phytologia' is remarkable for the number of novel and ingenious ideas which it contains; they were too far in advance of those of his contemporaries to be much esteemed when they appeared, but they are singularly in accordance with many of those opinions which now are either altogether recognized or are under discussion, with a strong probability of being finally adopted. For instance, he particularly insisted upon the close analogy between plants and animals in their functions, showing that the difference between the two kingdoms is the necessary consequence of the difference between their wants, necessities, and habits of life. He urged with great force that every bud of a plant is the seat of a separate and in some measure independent system, that plants are therefore in one sense congeries of individuals living in concert but growing independently; finally, he pointed out the analogy between buds and seeds, showing that the woody part of plants is really analogous to the roots of seeds, and produced by the adhesion of the descending matter of organization which passes downwards from the buds. While, however, we thus give Darwin credit for a rank in science that has hardly been accorded to him before, we are bound to add that his errors were neither few nor unimportant. He was too fond of tracing analogies between dissimilar objects; he readily adopted the ingenious views of others without sufficient inquiry; he had the great fault of being often a credulous collector and a fanciful reasoner, and finally his prose writings are often inexcusably inelegant, ill arranged, and ungrammatical. DASYORNIS. [THRUSHES.] DASYPROCTA. [AGOUTI, vol. i., p. 212.] DATA, DATUM. A datum is any quantity, condition, or other mathematical premiss which is given in a particular problem. Thus in the question to draw a circle which shall have its centre in a given line, and shall touch two other straight lines,' the data are as follows: 1, That the figure described is to be a circle; 2, a certain straight line; 3, that the centre of the circle is to be on that straight line; 4, two other straight lines; 5, that the circle is to touch those straight lines. Data may be divided into two classes, the latter class being the restrictions which it is necessary to place upon the one already described in order that the problem may be possible. Thus the preceding problem becomes absurd when the three straight lines are parallel, unless the line on which the centre of the circle is to lie be midway between the two others. Either then the problem must be proposed with the limitation if it be possible,' or an express datum of exclusion must be introduced, namely, that the three straight lines must not be parallel, unless, &c. In the mere etymology of the word datum all legitimate consequences are data when the premises are data. Thus, given two circles which touch, there are also given two circles which have a common point in the line joining their centres. The book of Euclid 'known by the name of Data (odopiva) is the deduction of magnitudes from other magnitudes, not as to what they are, but as to whether they are determined or not. Thus one of the propositions is, 'If a given magnitude be cut in a given ratio, the segments are given. The preface of Marinus to this book contains a dissertation on the meaning of the term. [EUCLID.] DATHOLITE, a mineral which contains boracic acid, silica, and lime. It has been found at Arendahl in Norway, and a few other places. It occurs both massive and crystallized in rhombic prisms, the lateral edges and the solid angles of which are usually replaced by planes. The colour of datholite is greyish or greenish white, and it is translucent; its specific gravity is about 3; it yields to the knife; the fracture is imperfect conchoidal; the lustre is somewhat vitreous. According to the analysis of Vauquelin, it consists of centæ. It has unisexual flowers; the males have a calyx of several pieces, and from eight to fifteen stamens; the females have an obsolete superior calyx, and three little recurved stigmas at the apex of an oblong one-celled ovary, with three many-seeded parietal placenta. The seed-vessel opens at the end like that of Peseda; the seeds are inclosed in a finely netted bag, and contain a straight embryo without albumen.. Datisca cannabina, the commonest plant of the order, is an herbaceous dioecious perennial, with stems about three feet high, pinnated leaves with from five to nine ovateacuminate coarsely-serrated leaflets, and long racemes of flowers collected in clusters in the axils of long linear bracts. It is a native of the southern parts of Europe, where, especially in Candia, it is used on account of its bitter tonic properties as a substitute for Peruvian bark; it also affords a yellow dye. A male plant of Datisca cannabina. A, a cluster of ripe fruit from DATU'RA, a genus of Solanaceous plants, with a funnelshaped angular five-lobed calyx, a corolla of a similar form, but much larger, and a four-celled capsule, which is either smooth or muricated externally; the base of the calyx moreover adheres to the seed-vessel in the form of a circular disk. Several species of this genus are known in cultivation, the very large size of their funnel-shaped flowers rendering them conspicuous objects; they have however a nauseous odour, and are only handsome when in flower, for which reason they are not general favourites. They are all exotics, with the exception of the following, in whose properties they coincide. D. Stramonium, the Thorn-apple, is by no means an uncommon annual upon dunghills, rubbish-heaps, and wasteplaces near houses. It grows about three feet high, with a light-green stiff stout stem, which is slightly downy near the upper end. The leaves are broad, oval, stalked, sharppointed, sinuous, and angular. The flowers are large, white, or occasionally dull light purple, and grow singly from the side of the stem opposite the origin of the leaves; they are erect, and placed upon a very short peduncle. Their calyx is tubular, elongated, a little swollen at the [THE PENNY CYCLOPÆDIA.] VOL. VIII.-2 S lower end, with five prominent ribs, ending in as many sharp-pointed lobes; after flowering, it all drops off, except the base, which surrounds the fruit in the form of a circular disk. The corolla is much larger than the calyx, of a similar form, but its lobes are more taper-pointed. There are five stamens, which are inclosed in the tube of the corolla. The ovary is covered with small sharp points, and contains four cells, in each of which is a considerable number of ovules. The style is cylindrical, smooth, and enlarged at the upper end. The fruit is a spiny oval capsule of four imperfect cells, which communicate with each other in pairs. The seeds are brown, kidney-shaped, with a scabrous surface. This plant is well known, under the name of Stramonium, as a powerful and dangerous narcotic. Its leaves and seeds are the parts employed, and they are found to possess properties similar to those of henbane and belladonna. The leaves are occasionally smoked, especially by country people, as a remedy for asthma; the seeds are employed by thieves to drug the beverage of their victims. In small doses they produce symptoms of frenzy; in larger quantities, stupor and death. The poisonous principle of this and other species is considered a peculiar vegetable alkali, and called Daturine. Datura arborea and bicolor, beautiful arborescent South American plants, the former with long white flowers, and the latter with yellow or scarlet ones, are noble objects in the gardens of this country. They participate in the properties of the true Daturas, but they are not now considered to be genuine species, on account of their calyx slitting on one side and remaining permanent around the base of the fruit; they are stationed in a genus called Brugmansia. DATU'RA STRAMO'NIUM, or THORN APPLE, an introduced but now frequently self-sown and consequently wild plant, found particularly wherever a garden has been in which it flourished. The leaves and seeds are officinal. The leaves during drying diffuse a stupifying odour, and become deep grayish green; the dried leaves scarcely possess any odour: the taste is disagreeable, saline, and strongly bitter. The seeds are kidney-shaped, flat, about the size of linseed, uneven, nearly black: when bruised the smell is disagreeable and repulsive; taste bitterish and oily; by expression sixteen ounces of fresh seeds yield two ounces of clear fat oil, which has neither taste nor odour. The seeds of the other species of Datura are often substituted, perhaps without any great disadvantage. They are also confounded with the seeds of Nigella Sativa, which, though black, are smaller, nearly three-cornered, and have an acrid aromatic taste, and in considerable quantity are poisonous like those of Stramonium. The seeds are used to form the extract; they, as well as the unripe capsules, yield the alkaloid called Datura, which crystallizes from its solution in alcohol or water in colourless shining aggregated prisms; without odour when pure, but when impure possessing a strongly narcotic odour; taste at first bitter, then very acrid, and like tobacco. This is extremely poisonous: one-eighth of a grain can kill a sparrow in less than three hours; and the smallest quantity applied to the eye causes very lasting dilatation of the pupil. At the ordinary temperature of the air it is quite unalterable: it is much less decomposable than hyoscyamia or conia. In a hydrous state it has a strongly alkaline reaction: acids completely neutralize it and form salts, which are procured by solution of daturia in dilute acids and evaporation in a moderate temperature. They are easily crysializable. Geiger recommends daturia or its salts as a preferable form to any hitherto in use. Stramonium in small doses causes slight convulsive action about the throat, with dryness of the tongue, disposition to vomit, and general diminution of sensibility, with slight increase of secretion of the skin, mucous membranes, and kidneys, but if the dose be larger, the brain becomes affected, and vertigo, indistinctness of vision, with dilatation of the pupil, disposition to sleep, or coma, but more frequently delirium, are added. The delirium is always peculiar, and the individual manifests a disposition to perform ridiculous actions, or assume absurd positions. If the dose be still larger, and produce fatal effects, the brain is usually found to be much congested, the vessels being gorged with blood. Large bleedings generally save the patient; emetics can rarely be made to act, as is observed when other narcotic poisons have been taken. Stra monium is most useful in cases of increased sensibility, particularly in local affections of the nerves; it is decidedly useful in allaying pain of the sciatic nerve, particularly when combined with ipecacuan. It has been recom mended in mania, especially when accompanied with lucid intervals, in epilepsy, and hysteria; but with very variable success, probably to be accounted for by the careless preparation of the medicine. It is popularly used for smoking, to allay paroxysms of asthma, but its employment in this way is quite empirical, and regulated by no clear principle. By the action of heat during smoking, an empyreumatic oil is found, similar in properties to that of hyoscyamus. DATU'RIA, a vegetable alkali, obtained from the seeds of the Datura Stramonium, or stramony; it is a colourless crystalline substance, which has an acrid bitter taste, and is very poisonous. It is soluble in about 280 parts of cold and 72 of boiling water, and is readily dissolved by alcohol. It combines with acids, forming salts, which are generally crystallizable, soluble in water, and suffer no alteration by exposure to the air. These salts are decomposed by the alkalis, potash, soda, and ammonia, which precipitate the daturia in the state of colourless flocculi. It does not ap pear to have been analyzed; but, like the other substances of the same class, there is no doubt of its being composed of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and azote. DAUBENTON, LOUIS JEAN MARIE, a justly celebrated naturalist and zootomist, born at Montbard in Burgundy, on the 29th of May, 1716. The church was his destination, and he was sent to Paris to study theology; but he gave in secret those hours to medicine and anatomy which his father hoped he was devoting to ecclesiastical reading. The death of this parent left him at liberty to follow the path he loved; and, having taken his degrees at Rheims, he returned to Montbard, for the purpose of exercising his profession. But there was a kindred spirit that, happily for zoology, had been connected from infancy with Daubenton. The Comte de Buffon, born at the same place, knew him well in youth, and when, in after life, Buffon was appointed intendant of the Jardin du Roi, his thoughts reverted to Daubenton as the person of all others qualified by his zeal and ability to prosecute those anatomical inquiries. the details of which his own feebleness of sight prevented him from investigating. The count drew Daubenton to Paris in 1742, and in 1745 the office of Curator and Demonstrator of the Cabinet of Natural History was conferred upon a man eminently fitted by his quick dis cernment, his untiring diligence, and his inexhaustible patience, to fill the situation with the greatest possible advantage to the public. No one can open the Histoire Naturelle des Animaux' without being struck by the multitude and justness of the facts (for he carefully avoided all theory with which Daubenton enriched that work, and in some degree corrected the fervid imagination of his brilliant coadjutor. But he did this without presuming in the lesst to draw general inferences: he confined himself strictly to facts; and such was his modesty, that Camper used to sav of him that he himself was not aware of the discovenes which he had made. His valuable labours adorned the fifteen first volumes of Buffon's great work in 4tc.; and the editions in which this essential part of the publication as wanting, are justly considered as deprived of their fairest proportions. But Buffon in an evil hour suffered his car to drink the intoxicating poison of fawning flatterers, and pub lished a little edition (in 12mo.), of which Daubenton's la bours formed no part.. The hint was more than sufficient for the modest Daubenton, and from that time the assistancw of Guéneau de Montbeillard and of Bexon in the ornithəlogical department but ill supplied the exquisite dissections and demonstrations which had rendered the former part of the work so highly valuable to the physiologist. For fif years did Daubenton labour without cessation in enrichi g and arranging the magnificent collection committed to his charge. He is said to have been the first professor of natu ral history who gave lectures by public authority in Franc one of the chairs of the College of Medicine having besa converted into a chair of natural history at his request it was conferred on him in 1778. The Convention liavi elevated the Jardin du Roi into a public school, under the title of the Museum of Natural History, he was named Professor of Mineralogy, and retained the professor-hip as long as he lived. In 1783 he became Professor of Rura Economy at Alfort, and gave lessons in natural history at the normal school in 1795. To him France in a great measure owes the introduction and successful propagation | Count of Vienne, is said to have been surnamed Le Dauof the breed of Spanish sheep. In 1799 he was elected phin, because he wore a dolphin as an emblem on his helmet a member of the senate, and the alteration in his habits or shield. The surname remained to his descendants, who caused by this new dignity is supposed to have hastened were styled Dauphins, and the country which they governed his death, which took place after an apoplectic attack of was called Dauphiné. Humbert II. de la Tour du Pin, the four days' duration in the night of the 31st December and last of the Dauphin dynasty, having lost his only son, gave 1st January, 1799 and 1800, when he was nearly 84 years up his sovereignty by treaty to King Philippe de Valois in of age. 1349, after which he retired to a Dominican convent. (MoDaubenton's life, with the exception of the cloud that reri, and the French historians.) From that time the eldest came between him and Buffon, raised by the weakness of son of the king of France has been styled Dauphin, in the the latter, was a happy one. His hours were spent in pur- same manner as the eldest son of the king of England is suits that were dear to him; he was universally respected styled Prince of Wales. Since the dethronement of the and beloved, for he was as amiable as he was learned; and elder branch of the Bourbons in 1830, the title of Dauphin his simple habits gave him, notwithstanding his natural has been disused. The last who bore it was the Duke of weakness of constitution, a long life. Daubenton was mar-Angoulême, son of Charles X. ried to the authoress of Zélie dans le Desert,' and though his union was in other respects most happy, he left no children. Lacépêde, Cuvier, and Moreau de la Sarte, have justly eulogized this good and great man. Notwithstanding his incessant occupation at the Museum, he found time to publish much in addition to his writings in the 'Histoire Naturelle.' He was a contributor to the first Encyclopédie, and many of his papers on the natural history of animals and on minerals are to be found in the 'Mémoires de l'Academie des Sciences,' from 1754 to 1764. Two of his most interesting papers (though all are good) are those of 1762, on fossil bones pretended to be those of a giant, but which Daubenton referred to their true species, and of 1764, on the essential differences between man and the orang outang. His 'Instruction pour les Bergers,' I vol. 8vo., Paris, 1782, his Tableau Méthodique des Mineraux,' 1784, 8vo., and his Mémoire sur le premier drap de laine superfine du crû de France,' which also appeared in 8vo. in 1784, must not be forgotten in a recollection of his works. (Biog. Universelle, &c.) DAUCUS, a rather large genus of umbelliferous plants, with hispid fruit, of a somewhat compressed ovate or oblong form, the primary ridges filiform and quite bristly, the secondary ridges prominent, winged, and divided at the edge into a number of fine teeth or hooks. De Candolle enumerates 38 species, chiefly biennials, but it is doubtful whether several of them are not mere varieties of each other. The only one to which general interest attaches is the Daucus Carota. This plant, which grows wild all over Europe in chalky soil, is believed to be the origin of our garden carrot, but there is no record of its having first begun to change its hard wiry juiceless wild root for the nutritious succulent carrot of the gardens. De Candolle gives for the range of the wild plant the meadows and pastures of Europe, the Crimea, and Caucasus, whence it has been transported into China, Cochin China, America, and elsewhere. [CARROT.] DAUPHINE', a province of France, constituting (with the principality of Orange) one of the thirty-two military governments into which that kingdom was divided before the Revolution. It was on the south-east frontier. In its form it approximated to a triangle, having its three sides respectively opposite to the north-east, south-south-east, and west. On part of the north-east side and on the west side it was bounded by the Rhône, by which it was separated from the district of Bresse, in Bourgogne, on the north-east, and from the Lyonnois and Languedoc on the west: on the south it was bounded by Le Comtat de Venaissin and by Provence, and on the remainder of the north-east side by the crests of the Alps, by which it was separated from Piedmont and Savoy. It now forms the three departments of Isère, Drôme, and Hautes Alpes; but the name continues in use, though a different division has been established by law. Dauphiné is one of the most mountainous districts in France; branches from the Alps traverse it, and some of the loftiest summits of that mountain system are close upon or within its boundary: no other part of France has points equally elevated. Mont Olan is 13,819 feet, a peak west of Maurin 13,107, and Mont Trois Ellions, east of Grenoble, 12,737 feet. The country is watered by a number of streams, which flow into the Rhône, either immediately, or by the Isère, Durance, and other tributaries. The pasturage is excellent, both in the plains and on the mountains; and the wines good, especially the Hermitage, Côte Rôtie, and St. Peray. Dauphiné was, under the old regime, subdivided into Haut (upper) Dauphiné and Bas (lower) Dauphiné. Haut Dauphiné comprehended the districts of Les Baronies, Le Gapençois, L'Embrunois, Le Briançonnois, Le Champsaur, Le Grésivaudan, and Le Royanès or Royanez. Bas Dauphiné comprehended Le Tricastin, or Tricastinois, Le Valentinois, Le Diois, and Le Viennois. Several of these districts took their names from their chief towns. Dauphiné had a provincial tribunal, or parlement, which held DAUDIN, FRANÇOIS MARIE, the son of a receiver- its sittings at Grenoble. This city, which may be considered general of finance, was born at Paris towards the close of as the capital of Dauphiné, as well as of the subordinate the eighteenth century. Nearly deprived of the use of his district of Grésivaudan, is on the Isère: it had in 1832 a limbs by natural infirmity, he early devoted himself to the population of 24,268 for the town, or 24,888 for the whole study of the sciences, and more particularly to natural his- commune. The other chief towns are Vienne, capital of Le tory. His memoirs soon found their way into the 'Magasin Viennois (population 13,410 for the town, or 14,079 for the Encyclopédique' and the Annales du Muséum d'Histoire whole commune); Valence, capital of Le Valentinois (poNaturelle,' and he contributed some articles to the Dic-pulation 8898 for the town, or 10,406 for the whole comtionnaire des Sciences Naturelles.' His two principal works mune), both on the Rhône: Romans, on the Isère (popuare his Traité d'Ornithologie,' which was never finished, lation 7677 for the town, or 9285 for the whole commune); and his Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles.' For the first Voiron (population 6924); Montelimar, on the Jabron, much cannot be said: it is on the second that his fame will which falls into the Rhône (population 5816 for the town, rest. Cuvier speaks of the latter as the most complete work or 7560 for the whole commune); Gap, capital of Le Gapon that class of animals which had hitherto appeared. His ençois (population 4572 for the town, or 7215 for the wife, who is represented as amiable both in mind and per- whole commune); Crest, on the Drôme (population 3895 son, and as having actively assisted in the composition and for the town, or 4901 for the whole commune); Bourgoin, illustration of his works, died of consumption; and poor on a small stream which flows into the Rhône (population Daudin, whose life, as well as that of his partner, had been 3447 for the town, or 3762 for the whole commune); Die, long embittered by the deranged state of his affairs, fol- capital of Le Diois, on the Drôme (population 3213 for the lowed her in a few days, before he had attained thirty years town, or 3555 for the whole commune); Nions, or Nyons, of age. He died in 1804, and left no children. (Biogr. on the Aigues, which flows into the Rhône (population Universelle, &c.) 2700 for the town, or 3397 for the whole commune); Embrun, capital of L'Embrunois, -on the Durance (population DAUPHIN, the title given to the eldest son of the king 2392 for the town, or 3062 for the whole commune); St. of France under the Valois and Bourbon dynasties. The Marcellin, near the Isère (population 2191 for the town, origin of the word has been a matter of some dispute. The or 2775 for the whole commune): Le Buis, capital of Les Counts of Albon and Grenoble are mentioned first in the Baronies, on the Ouvèze (population 1886 for the town, or ninth century as feudatories of the kingdom of Arles; they 2180 for the whole commune); Pont-en-Royans, capital of afterwards assumed the title of Counts of Vienne, and be- Royanès, on the Bourne, a feeder of the Isère; Briançon, came independent, like other great feudatories. Guy VIII.,capital of Le Brianconnois, on the Gursane, a tributary of DAUNIA. [APULIA.] the Durance; St. Bonnet, capital of Le Champsaur, on the pine Gaul to oppose the Helvetii. (Cos., Bel. Gal., I., 10.) Drac, a feeder of the Isère; and St. Paul-Trois-Châteaux, They were probably subdued in the time of Augustus. In capital of Le Tricastinois, not far from the Rhône. the first division of Gaul into four provinces (by Augustusk Dauphiné had two archiepiscopal sees, Vienne (now united Dauphiné was included in the province Narbonensis: wheti, with Lyon), established in the second century; the diocese at a subsequent period, Gaul was subdivided into seventeen of which comprehended the greater part of Le Viennois, provinces, Dauphiné was included mostly in Viennensis, and extended into Le Valentinois, and into Le Vivarais, a partly in Narbonensis Secunda, and partly in Alpes Maridistrict of Languedoc, and included 355 parishes and 10 tima. Among the principal towns under the Roman doe abbeys; and that of Embrun, established about A. D. 330, minion were Vienna (Vienne) and Cularo, afterwards which comprehended L'Embrunois and Le Briançonnois, and Gratianopolis (Grenoble), in the territory of the Allobroges; extended into Provence, and included 400 parishes and one Valentia (Valence), in the territory of the Segalauni: Dea abbey. There were five bishoprics: Valence, established (Die), in the territory of the Vocontii; and Ebrodunum in the third century, the diocese of which comprehended (Embrun), in that of the Caturiges: Vienna, Valentia, ard part of Le Valentinois, and extended into Le Vivarais in Dea, were colonies. Upon the downfall of the Roman Languedoc, and included 140 parishes and 4 abbeys: Gre-empire, Dauphiné formed part of the kingdom of the Burnoble, established in the fourth century, the diocese of gundians [BURGUNDIANS]; and upon the overthrow of that which comprehended Le Grésivaudan, Le Royanès, and kingdom became subject to the Franks. It suffered from Le Champsaur, and extended into Le Valentinois and the ravages of the Saracens in the time of Charles Martel, into Savoy, and included 334 parishes and 2 abbeys; Die, and formed part of the kingdom of Bourgogne Cisjurane, established A. D. 220, the diocese of which included Le founded by Boson near the end of the ninth century. Diois, and extended into Le Valentinois, and into Pro-[BOURGOGNE.] In the course of the eleventh century, or vence and Le Comtat Venaissin, and included 70 parishes even earlier, many feudal principalities were formed in and one abbey; Gap, established in the fifth century, the Dauphiné, the more powerful among which were called diocese of which comprehended Le Gapençois, and ex- counties, the others baronies. The counts of Albon acquired tended into Les Baronies and into Provence, and included the predominance among these nobles, and in course of 221 parishes and one abbey; and St. Paul-Trois-Châteaux, time gained possession of Le Grésivaudan, Le Viennois, Le the diocese of which comprehended Le Tricastinois, and Gapençois, L'Embrunois, and Le Briançonnois. Guy VIII, extended into Provence and into Le Comtat Venaissin, and who died about the middle of the twelfth century, was the included 34 parishes and one abbey. Beside these dioceses, first who had the title of Le Dauphin; his successors those of Lyon (archbishopric) and Belley (in Bugey), ex- retained it, and insensibly the title of Count of Alboa tended into Le Viennois; and that of Vaison (in Le Comtat was lost in that of Dauphin of Le Viennois, and the country de Venaissin) into Les Baronies. When Expilly published acquired from this new title of its lords the name of Dau his Dictionnaire des Gaules et de la France, A. D. 1764, phiné. These Dauphins owed feudal subjection to the there were 11 abbeys (including one which had been secu- Germanic empire, with which the crown of Bourgogne had larized) and 70 convents, and other religious houses for men, been united. The Dauphin, Humbert II, by treaties made beside 5 houses of the Jesuits, suppressed in 1763; 10 in the years 1343-49, disposed of his states in favour of the abbeys and 41 convents for women: these establishments king of France. He nominated as Dauphin, by the treaty contained 1840 men and 1095 women, bound by monastic of 1343, the second son of Philippe VI. (de Valois), then vows, and enjoyed revenues amounting in the aggregate to king of France; so that the common notion that he sti837,200 livres, or nearly 35,6007. a year. The Great Char- pulated that the eldest son should bear the title is errotreuse [CHARTREUSE] was the most important. There neous. The territory thus ceded to the French crown were beside 12 gencral hospitals, and 10 maladreries or comprehended the districts enumerated above as belonging hospitals for lepers. It is to be observed, that Expilly gives to the counts of Albon: the other parts of Dauphine are a very different account of the number of parishes from subsequent acquisitions. (Expilly, Prudhomme, Dict. Unathat given by Prudhomme in Le Dictionnaire Universel versel de la France.) de la France, and quoted by us above; they must have adopted different principles in drawing up their respective tables. The archbishop of Vienne had for his suffragans the bishops of Grenoble, Die, and Valence; of Viviers in Le Vivarais (Languedoc), and of Geneva or Annecy, and Maurienne in Savoy: the archbishop of Embrun had for his suffragans the bishops of Digne, Glandèves, Grasse, Vence, and Senés, all in Provence, and Nice in Italy. The bishop of St. Paul-Trois-Châteaux was a suffragan of the archbishop of Arles, in Provence; and the bishop of Gap, of the archbishop of Aix, in Provence. Since the Revolution, the ecclesiastical constitution of the district has been entirely changed; the archiepiscopal dignity of Vienne has been incorporated with that of Lyon; but the conjoint diocese comprehends scarcely any part of the antient Dauphiné: that of Embrun has been annexed to those of Aix and Arles, but no part of Dauphiné is in the conjoint diocese. The bishop of Grenoble, whose diocese comprehends the department of Isère, is a suffragan of the archbishop of Lyon and Vienne; the bishop of Valence, whose diocese comprehends the department of Drôme, is a suffragan of the archbishop of Avignon; and the bishop of Gap, whose diocese comprehends the department of Hautes Alpes, is a suffragan of the archbishop of Aix, Arles, and Embrun. The other bishoprics of Dauphiné have been abolished. DAUPHINE D'AUVERGNE, a small territory of Auvergne, ceded to Guillaume IV., Count of Auvergne, when deposed from his county by his uncle Guillaume l'Ancien (the elder). Vodable, a small town near Issore, was the capital. D'AVENANT, WILLIAM, was born at Oxford in 1605. His father kept the Crown Inn there, and some have gathered, from Wood's words, hints of a connection having existed between his mother and Shakspeare, who frequented that place of entertainment. He was entered at Lincoln College, Oxford; but it does not appear that he took a degree. He then became page to the duchess of Richmond, and was afterwards in the family of Lord Brooke, the poet. In 1637 he succeeded Ben Jonson as laureat, and in 1641 was accused by the parliament, and freed to retire to France. Two years after, he was knighted by Charles, at the siege of Gloucester; but in 1646 we find him again in France, a Roman Catholic, and in the empl of Henrietta. Being taken prisoner at sea in 1621, he only escaped being tried for his life by the intercession of soc friends, among whom are said to have been Milta and Whitelocke. His works consist of dramas, masquen addresses, and an unfinished epic called Gondibert, which br dedicates to Hobbes. The only work for which he is remembered is an alteration of the Tempest, in which be was engaged with Dryden; and marvellous indeed st Before the Roman Conquest this country was inhabited that two men of such great and indubitable genius stud by the Celtic tribes, the Allobroges in the north, and in the have combined to debase and vulgarize and pollute such a south the Segalauni, or Sego-vellauni, and the Tricastini, poem; but, to the scandal of the English stage, it is the ar on the banks of the Rhône; the Tricorü and the Caturiges, Tempest, and not Shakspeare's, which is to this day repreamong the Alps; and the Vocqutii in the intermediate space. sented.' (Southey.) He appears to have been the first to The Voconta, the Segalauni, the Tricastini, and perhaps mix the English drama with the French hervie play, ar-4 the Tricorni, were the earliest subdued. The Allobroges had to introduce the examples of moral virtue writ in verwe, been reduced to subjection by C. Pomptinius, the prætor, and performed in recitative music.' (Dryden.). As he esta a short time before Caesar's arrival in Gaul; but the Cablished a theatre as early as 1637, the times might be party turiges, in the fastnesses of the Alps, preserved their inde-in fault, but his long residence in France had pr pendence, and attempted with the other mountaineers to • Or Dawnant: a joke in Wood's 'Athen. Oxon.' renders it mrukalle impede Casar's march when he led his forces out of Cisal- the alteration was his own. influenced his taste. He died in 1668, and was buried in | tion to the priesthood until the reign of Henry I., when Westminster Abbey. (Wood's Athen. Oxon.; Biogr. Brit.; Southey's British Poets.) DAVENTRY. [NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.] DAVID, JACQUES LOUIS was born at Paris in 1750. In 1774 he went to Rome to study; he returned to France ten years afterwards, and attained considerable reputation, both as an historical and portrait painter. Upon the breaking out of the revolution he threw himself amongst the foremost ranks of the revolutionists. He was the intimate friend of Robespierre, and was appointed manager of all the spectacles and allegorical shows of the republic. He proposed to construct a colossal figure of the people out of the ruins of the statues of the kings, to be placed on the PontNeuf, but never proceeded farther than a model, from which, however, the design for the reverse of the republican coin was taken, which was used several years. When Robespierre, anticipating his downfall, expressed himself ready to die the death of Socrates, David, who was present, exclaimed, Robespierre, if you will drink the hemlock I will drink it also." In 1794 he was denounced, and imprisoned, altogether for about a year; but was ultimately liberated, and appears thenceforward to have taken a less prominent part in political matters. He was appointed principal painter to the National Institute. In 1815 he was banished from France with those who had voted for the death of Louis XVI., and took up his abode in Brussels, where he died December 29, 1825. Many anecdotes of his cruelty during the revolution are related by his enemies, but they are not well authenticated; others, in proof of his patriotic magnanimity, are scarcely better established. He appears in truth to have been a man of narrow capacity, and of a warm but not malicious disposition. He is described as being afflicted with a tumour in his jaw, which disfigured his appearance, and so disturbed his utterance that he could not speak ten words in the same tone. To this imperfect speech he added a blustering manner. David is said to have expressed a wish, that, if an Athenian were to revisit the earth, he might take him for a Greek painter. This is the key to his style, which is a servile imitation of the Greek sculptures; his figures are like statues coloured and put in motion; his drawing is correct, and his composition classical; but his design is constrained and artificial, with a hard outline and harsh colour. The Rape of the Sabines' is considered one of the best of his works, which are chiefly at Paris. His portrait of Napoleon is well known. DAVID'S, ST., a city and parish in the hundred of Dewisland, in the western extremity of Pembrokeshire. It was antiently large and populous, and during the middle ages was the resort of a great number of pilgrims. At present its appearance is that of a poor village, the houses, excepting those of the clergy, being mostly in a ruinous state. The locality is lonely, and the neighbouring district wild and unimproved; but it is still an interesting place as the seat of a large episcopal see, with a fine cathedral and the remains of other magnificent religious edifices. The situation is near the rocky promontory called St. David's Head, on a declivity, a mile from the northern shore of St. Bride's Bay, 16 miles north-west of Haverfordwest, 26 north-west of Pembroke, and 270 west of London. In 1831 the population of the parish, of which the Isle of Ramsay constitutes a part, was 2388. Druidical remains are numerous in the neighbourhood, consisting of sepulchral heaps of stones, barrows, tumuli, holy wells, and some antient fortifications. It is said that a church and monastery were first founded here by St. Patrick about A.D. 470. It is certain however that in the first period after the introduction of Christianity into Britain, three archbishops' seats were appointed, namely, London (transferred afterwards to Canterbury), York, and Caerleon, in the county of Monmouth, and that this last was removed about A. D. 519, in the reign of King Arthur, to Mynyw (called by the Romans Menevia), which received the name of St. David's in honour of the archbishop and saint, by whom the transfer was accomplished. Hence the appellation of Menevensis, assumed by the bishops of this see, which was the metropolitan and archiepiscopal see of Wales until A. D. 930, when Sampson, the last of twenty-five archbishops, withdrew to Britanny, and carried with him his clergy and the sacred pall of office. (See a description of this holy ephod by Cressy, 1. 35, c. 15.) His successors continued however to administer consecra Bishop Bernard acknowledged subjection to the see 0. Canterbury. The diocese of St. David's contains the entire counties of Pembroke, Caermarthen, Brecknock, and parts of Radnor, Monmouth, Hereford, Montgomery, and Glamorgan. The ecclesiastical corporation consists of a bishop, four archdeacons, a precentor, chancellor, treasurer, nineteen prebendaries, eight vicars choral, four choristers, and several subordinate officers. On the south side of the city, towards the sea-shore, stands the cathedral, the episcopal palace, and college of St. Mary, in ruins, and several other buildings for the residence of the clergy and other appropriate uses. This group occupies a spacious area called The Close, which is surrounded by a lofty wall about a mile in circumference, having four entrances, north, south, east, and west. The principal gate is the eastern, between two massive towers, one sixty feet high. The little river Alan runs through the area, and was crossed by a marble bridge, worn and polished by the pilgrims' feet. Though great damage was done to these edifices by the puritan fanatics of the seventeenth century, their former magnificence, when the episcopal power was equivalent to sovereignty, is apparent in all that remains. The bishop's palace was the most magnificent in the kingdom, the kitchen and cellars being no less admirable than the state apartments. The first cathedral, from its nearness to the sea, was often plundered, and at last was burnt and destroyed by Danish and Norwegian pirates in 1087. The architecture of the present structure, which was erected by Peter, the forty-ninth bishop, is Norman, blended with the richly-pointed Gothic. It is cruciform, 307 feet in length, with a lofty square tower at the west end, a nave, choir, transepts, side aisles, and lateral chapels, one of which is roofed with slabs of freestone. The rood-loft, screen, and roof, which is of Irish oak, are specimens of great architectural skill. The choir is very lofty, containing twenty-eight stalls and a curious moveable pulpit. The bishop's throne is of exquisite workmanship, and resembles that in Exeter cathedral. An altar-tomb, of the son of Owen Tudor, is similar to that of Prince Arthur in the cathedral of Worcester. Numerous antiquarian relics are collected and preserved in the building. In the walls and floor are many sepulchral monuments of the early bishops of the see, as Gíraldus Cambrensis, Anselm, Gower, &c. The most antient is that of Rhys ap Gruffyd, prince of South Wales, A. D. 1196; and the most venerated is the shrine of the Archbishop St. David, the tutelar saint of Wales. During many ages it was visited by innumerable pilgrims, among whom were many nobles and kings. William the Conqueror paid his devotions in 1077, Henry II. in 1171, and Edward I. and Queen Eleanor in 1284. The shrine has four recesses for the deposit of the offerings of the pilgrims, who at once relieved their consciences and their pockets. It was ordained by Pope Calixtus that two pilgrimages to St. David's should be accounted equivalent in efficacy to one to Rome. Roma semel quantum dat bis Menevia tantum.' The handsome college of St. Mary was founded in 1365 by John of Gaunt. The chapter-house contains a school-room for the instruction of the choristers, and an elegant diningroom, with kitchen and cellars, for the use of the canons when they assemble to audit the accounts of the see. The bishop of St. David's formerly possessed several other palaces and manor-houses in the counties of Pembroke, Cardigan, and Brecknock. The present episcopal residence is at Abergwilly, near the city of Caermarthen, in a noble palace rebuilt by Bishop Burgess. Among his distinguished predecessors in the see have been Dr. Davies, a translator of the English Bible at the Reformation, and Drs. Laud, Bull, Louth, and Horsley. (Tanner's Notitia Monastica, p. 717; Dugdale's Monasticon, vol. vi., p. 1301; Fenton's Pembrokeshire; Bishop Burgess's Vindication, &c., 4to., 1812; Life of St. David in Acta Sanctorum Martiri, tom. i., p. 39; Brayley and Britton's Beauties of Wales, vol. xviii., p. 821-840. The Harleian MS., No. 1294, contains the statutes of the cathedral, and documents relating to its possessions.) DAVID'S DAY, ST., March 1. St. David, archbishop of Menevia, now called from him St. David's, in Pembrokeshire, lived in the fifth and sixth centuries of the Christian æra; Pits tells us that he died at the age of 146 years. He is said, in the days of the memorable Arthur, to have gained a victory over the Saxons, his soldiers during the conflict, for distinction and as a military colour, wearing |