E. long. Mandavee is the most populous place in the principality, and contains 50,000 inhabitants, who are prin cipally Bhattias, Banyans, and Brahmins: there are but few Mohammedans. The port is an open roadstead with a creek; there are 250 vessels belonging to the place, by means of which a very considerable trade is carried on with Zanguebar and the whole east coast of Africa, with the Red Sea and Arabia, with the Persian Gulf, Mekran, and Sinde, and with India as far as Ceylon. The vessels employed in this traffic vary from 25 to 200 tons burthen; they carry a large lateen sail, and have two masts, but are never decked; they are navigated by native pilots, who have acquired the use of the quadrant, and steer by charts. The natives assert that the foreign trade of Mandavee has existed for a very long period, but it appears that the nautical skill of their mariners received great improvement from the instructions of a native Rajpoot named Ram-Sing, who was carried to Holland about a century ago, and after a residence in Europe of some years' duration, returned home with a knowledge of astronomy, navigation, ship-building, and other arts, which have been ever since preserved. The most valuable branch of the trade of Mandavee is that carried on with the eastern coast of Africa, a distance of 3000 miles, whence the merchants of Cutch procure ivory, rhinoceros hides, and other valuable articles. The principal article of export is cotton. Rohur, also a seaport, is situated in the Gulf of Cutch opposite to Wumania on the Gujerat peninsula, and is in 23° 2′ N. lat., and 70° 21' E. long, about twelve miles from Anjar: the depth of water in this part of the gulf does not admit the passage of any but small vessels. The chief trade of Rohur is carried on with Gujerat. Tahrah, a populous place, inhabited principally by Hindus, is a fortified town about thirty miles south-east from Luckput Bunder, on the road between that place and Mandavee.

The population of Cutch is estimated to amount to 400,000 souls, about one-half of whom are Mohammedans, and the greater part of the remaining half Hindus. The Jharejah tribe of Rajpoots, who were estimated in 1818 to amount to 12,000, are believers in the Koran, and at the same time adhere to many Hindu observances. This tribe, the chief of which is the Rao or sovereign prince of Cutch, is remarkable for the almost universal practice of female infanticide, a practice which the English government has vainly endeavoured to suppress. Captain Macmurdo, the political resident at Bhooj, expressed his opinion that the total number of females belonging by birth to the Jharejah tribe who were alive in 1818 did not exceed thirty. The morals of the tribe are in other respects said to be very degraded; they are ignorant, indolent, and almost universally addicted to the immoderate use of intoxicating liquors: their wives are all necessarily procured from among other tribes.

'You have been led,' say the Directors, 'into a much more
minute interference in the internal administration of Cutch
than entered into your contemplation when you formed the
present arrangement for the government of that country,
This extension of your direct authority has taken place, as
is usual in such cases, by insensible degrees, evils having
been found to be produced by partial interference which it
required a greater interference to remedy.'
(Reports of Committees of House of Commons on the
Affairs of India in 1830 and 1832.)

CUTICLE, the external skin of a plant. It is composed of one or more layers of empty flattened cells, which adhere firmly to each other, and serve as a protection to the succulent tender tissue placed beneath them. The thickness of the sides of the cells renders them well adapted to repel mechanical violence, and the air cavities which it contains give the cuticle great efficiency as a slow conductor of caloric, enabling it on the one hand to prevent the escape too rapidly of the internal heat of a plant, and on the other to guard the tissue against scorching by the too powerful action of the sun. Accordingly we find the cuticle thickest and most completely organized where it is most exposed to the action of the air, while in submerged plants, which never are exposed to the atmosphere at all, it is absent. When plants inhabit damp shady places, it is thinner; when they grow on hot dry rocks, it is thicker than usual; and it is in all cases found to be affected in a similar manner. Once removed it is never renewed.

Sometimes it has openings through it into air-chambers placed below it, and such openings are guarded by a pair of oblong parallel cells, which, by their expansion and contraction, close or widen the orifice. These organs are called stomates, and are supposed to be more particularly intended to assist in the respiration of plants.

CUTTACK, a district in the province of Orissa, bounded on the east by the Bay of Bengal, on the north-east by the province of Bengal, on the west by various Maharatta states; and on the south-west by the Northern Circars. Its length from north-east to south-west is 180 miles, and its average breadth 110 miles. On the coast, and for twenty miles inland, the country is low and covered with wood, and being subject to inundation at spring-tides is very marshy. Beyond twenty miles from the sea the country rises considerably, and the soil is dry and fertile. At a further distance inland of twenty miles it swells into hills, and is well wooded; some of the trees are valuable for cabinet work, and others are used in dyeing. The forests are much infested by wild beasts. The region thus lying beyond the marshy delta is called the Mogulbundy. Beyond this is a third region, which is hilly, and extends westward as far as Gundwana. This region is parcelled among sixteen hereditary Zamindars, who are under the protection of the English, and are considered as tributary rajahs, paying at the rate of about one-tenth of the net produce of their estates. The country is subdivided under these Zamindars into a great number of estates, which are also held by hereditary succession. A great variety of minerals are found in this hilly country: iron is met with in many parts; and inferior garnets in great quantities.

Engagements of amity were entered into between the British and the government of Cutch in 1809, ostensibly with a view to the suppression of piracy, but really for the exclusion of foreign Europeans from the country, a precautionary measure adopted in anticipation of a threatened invasion of India by the French. In 1815, in consequence of depredations committed by the subjects of Cutch on the territory of the Guicowar, our ally, an English force was Cuttack is watered by numerous streams, which, during sent into Cutch, the Rao was deposed, and a new chief the rainy season, become large rivers. The principal of placed upon the throne, who engaged to receive a subsidiary these are the Mahanuddy and its numerous branches, the force; but the Rao whom the English installed having Bhaminee, the Byturnee, and the Subunreeka. The Bhathrown the country into disorder by misgovernment, he minee rises in the mountains of Gundwana, and flowing was in turn deposed likewise in October, 1819, and his in- first to the south and then to the east, traverses the district fant son, Mirza Rao Sree Dessuljee, set up in his stead, of Cuttack; uniting with the Beroopah, a branch of the under a council of regency, of which the British resident Mahanuddy, it joins the sea near Point Palmyras. The was a member: this in effect placed the government of the Byturnee rises among the mountains of Chuta Nagpore in country in the hands of the English. In 1822 a further Bahar, and flows south through Gangpore in Gund wana: treaty was made, restoring Anjar, which place had been on entering Cuttack it turns to the south-east, and afterceded to the English in 1816. In return for this the go-wards to the east, and falls into the Bay of Bengal in 20° 48' vernment of Cutch agreed to pay 88,000 rupees per annum, In addition to an annual subsidy of two lacs of rupees previously payable. It was calculated that these sums, which together amounted to 28,8007., would have absorbed about one-fourth part of the revenues of the state, but it was found in practice that they greatly exceeded one-half the net revenue, and repeated remissions of a considerable portion have been found necessary. In the political letter addressed by the Court of Directors to the Bombay government on 26th May, 1830, some of the evils are pointed out, which appear to be almost unavoidable under the system of interference adopted by the Anglo-Indian governments.

N. lat. The Subunreeka likewise rises in Chuta Nagpore, and flows in a south-easterly direction, with a very winding course, for 250 miles, and joins the Bay of Bengal, forming the southern boundary of the province of Bengal. These rivers abound with fish.

The rainy season does not begin so early as in Bengal, but continues from September to November with so much violence as to cause the different rivers to overflow their banks. In November the weather again becomes fine. From April to June the heat is very oppressive, and would be hardly supportable but for occasional thunder storms, accompanied by rain. At other times the climate is more

temperate, but the thermometer seldom, if ever, sinks below 60°.

The manufacture of salt is carried on along nearly the whole of the coast; the produce is very white and pure, and yields a revenue of about eighteen lacs of rupees (180,0007.) per annum. The Mogulbundy produces rice and other grains, pulse, spices, dyeing stuffs, and sugar. Maize and wheat are the chief products in the hilly country farther inland. During the periodical rains, when the rivers are full, a good deal of teak and other timber is floated down to the coast. The forests in which this timber is cut are very unhealthy, and for that reason can be visited only at certain seasons of the year.

The Sanscrit word Catak, from which the name of the town is derived, signifies a royal residence. While the province of Orissa preserved its independence, Cuttack was the residence of the Gajapati, or superior rajah, at whose court the military chiefs of Orissa performed feudal service. The Mogulbundy already described, formed the fisc or domain of the Gajapati, while the holdings of the military chiefs were situated round and along the frontier of the kingdom, and it was the duty of their possessors to defend the country from the irruptions of neighbouring powers in the same manner as the lords of the marches in Europe were in former days required to repel invaders.

The town contains a very well-built street with houses of stone two and three stories high, a large market-place, and several mosques; in one of these is exhibited a stone brought from Mecca, and bearing an impression of the foot 6300 houses and 40,000 inhabitants. The fortress of Barnbuttee, which was built in the fourteenth century, stauds about a mile north-west from the town. Cuttack is 251 miles from Calcutta, 482 miles from Nagpore, 651 from Hyderabad, 779 from Madras, and 902 miles from Delhi, all travelling distances. (Rennell's Memoirs; Col. Briggs on the Land Tax in India.)

The principal towns of the district are Cuttack, Balasore, and Juggernauth. [CUTTACK, BALASORE, JUGGERNAUTH.] The other towns, or rather large villages, deserving of mention, are Buddruck, Soroli, and Piply. Buddruck is thirty-of Mohammed. In 1822 the town contained altogether eight miles S. S. W. from Balasore, in 21° 7' N. lat. and 86°26′ E. long. It is this village and its neighbourhood that furnish most of the people who are known in Calcutta, as Balasore bearers. Soroli is about twenty-three miles south-west from Balasore; it contains two fine tanks and the ruins of a mud fort. Piply is twenty-seven miles south from the town of Cuttack, in 20° 5′ N. lat. and 85° 58' E. long. The district contains a great number of small villages. The whole population, including the inhabitants of the three principal towns, was estimated in 1822 at 1,296,365. The revenue consists of the profits of the salt monopoly already mentioned; the land assessment, amounting to fourteen laes of rupees (140,0007.), nearly all of which sum is collected in the Mogulbundy; customs-duties, pilgrim tax, and other minor sources, about one lae in addition. Making allowa ce for the expenses of collection, the annual revenue derived from the district is about thirty. Every bud which a plant contains is a distinct seat of lacs of rupees, or 300,000l. A great part of the circulating life, capable, under fitting circumstances, of growing, flower medium is composed of cowries, supplies of which are ob- ing, fruiting, seeding, independently of all other buds, 21-1 tained every year from the Maldive Islands in return for 'able, if separated from the mother plant, to form a new ingrain. A considerable amount of bullion is carried into dividual. The buds of a vine, and of a potato, are actually Cuttack by pilgrims, but this for the most part finds its way so employed under the name of eyes; a cutting is merely to Calcutta. a small collection of eyes adhering to a mass of wooly matter.

The district of Cuttack, including Balasore and other dependencies, was ceded to the East India Company, in full sovereignty, by the rajah of Berar, in January, 1804; the fort and town of Cuttack were taken by the English amy in the month of October preceding. The salt monopoly was partially introduced soon after the acquisition of the territory, but was first legally recognized by the government in 1814. The measures at first pursued operated rather to restrict the supply than to subject the article to taxation and much distress was thereby occasioned to the, people without producing any adequate addition to the go vernment revenues. This circumstance, combined with the too rapid introduction of a new revenue system, and the consequent sales of land for arrears of rent, whereby in the course of eleven years a transfer had been eflected of more than one-half of the settled lands in the Mogulbundy from the original possessors, excited so much exasperation, that a very serious revolt was attempted in 1817, and this was not fully quelled until two years after, causing a considerable sacrifice of lives. After this insurrection was queile 1, arrangements were made for supplying the district with salt by an extended system of local sales, at fixed prices, below those of the auction sales at Calcutta, and by this means a much larger quantity has been sold for consumption within the district, the revenue has been improved, and the people have been relieved from what was felt as a severe oppression.

(Rennell's Memoir; Reports of Committee of Commons on the affairs of India, 1×32; Revenue and Judicial Selections, printed by the East India Company.)

CUTTACK, the capital of the district, is situated in 20° 27' N. lat., and 86° 3′ E. long. The town is built on a tongue of land between two branches of the Mahanuddy river. During the rainy seas in Cuttack is completely insulated, and the town itself would be subject to periodical inundations but for lace and solid embankments faced, with cat stone, which effectually keep out the water. The necessity and at the same time the efficacy of these embankments were proved during the heavy rains of 1817, when the waters rose in one night eighteen feet. The river, during the rains, is a mile and a half broad, and from thirty to forty feet deep at this part, but during the dry season it is narrow stream with a depth of only three feet.

a

CUTTING, in gardening, is a portion of a plant from which a new individual is propagated when placed in the earth. Every body knows that a stick of willow stuck in'o the ground will put forth roots, and become a new plant; such an instance is a rude exemplification of the manner of multiplying plants by cuttings. In the empirical rules to be observed in this operation, the reader had better consult some book on gardening; we shall confine our observatë na to the theory of the operation.

A cutting, when prepared for planting, is cut off close to a bud at the bottom, and down to another at the upper end; it is then placed in earth quite up to its topmost bid, the remainder being buried. The object of this is threefold: firstly, to expose only one bud to the stimulus of ligät, so that when the cutting begins to grow the leaves may not, from their number, require more food than the woods system can supply; secondly, to keep back the other eves by the pressure of the earth upon them; and thirdly, to expose as great a surface of the cutting as possible to the influence of the moist earth and darkness, by means of which the production of roots will be facilitated.

In delicate operations, where cuttings are difficult to strike, several additional practices are had recourse to The cuttings are covered with a bell glass, in order to keep the air that surrounds them saturated with moisture, so that when the buds begin to grow they may not exhaust the cutting of its vital fluid by their excessive evaje alum They are shaded with the same object in view; sun-uzat increases evaporation, and stimulates a growing part in ta action: the desire of the gardener is to guard against tais till his cuttings have formed abundant roots to fred by. When cuttings are very difficult to strike, their lower end is often made to rest upon the bottom of the garden pot in which they are to grow; this removes their wounded er ! from too much moisture, and prevents their being gore i with crude sap before they are able to digest it, an ev q. ► as great as that of being exhausted by too rapid a digest The same or a similar purpose is answered by putting tre cuttings in the first instance into pure silex (silver saz d), trvan which they are removed as soon as roots are emit ed, s and permits only a slow transmission of water through ri and is in fact incapable of supersaturation if proper menim are taken to dram it; and hence it renders it imp that water should be conveyed too quickly into the ego n vessels of the cutting.

In many cases a single leaf, or a portion of one, is deft attached to the upper eye of the cutting; this is for the sake of keeping up a slow circulation in the system, and uf drawing into the vessels of the wood a gentle current el moisture, so that the cutting may never be too mach exhausted.

CUV

245

It is highly probable that if these points are well considered, all plants, of whatever nature, provided they have well-formed buds, are capable of striking from cuttings; and it is notorious, that while some gardeners can only succeed with the commonest things, others, by the success that attends their operations, possess what would seem a magical power over plants, if we did not know that natural magic consists in nothing more than the right application of right knowledge at the right time.

CUTTLE-FISH. [CEPHALOPODA, vol. vi., p. 425; SE

PIADE.]

When cuttings will not strike because they are too young, same time his lectures on comparative anatomy at the Jardin the cause is to be sought in the young tissue being too ab- des Plantes. In that year were published the first two The three following volumes sorbent, and taking up moisture faster than it can digest it, volumes of his 'Leçons d'Anatomie Comparée,' which met the result of which is a repletion of the vessels, disease, with the greatest success. and death. On the other hand, cuttings the wood of which appeared in 1805. In 1802 the first consul Bonaparte apis too old will not strike from an opposite cause; their ves-pointed Cuvier one of the six inspectors-general for estasels are so small and rigid, that when the young leaves are blishing lycea, or public schools, which were supported by ready to expand, and the new roots to develop, the supply government in thirty towns of France, and which are now of food moves too sluggishly through the cutting from point called Royal Colleges. Cuvier established those of Marseilles, to point, and hence the new parts wither if formed, or will Nice, and Bordeaux. He was about the same time apnot form at all. The exact age at which a cutting roots pointed perpetual secretary to the Institute for the Departmost readily is a matter of experiment, and not capable of ment of Natural Sciences, with a salary of 6000 francs. In 1803 he married the widow of M. Duvancel, a former being reduced to any theoretical rule. fermier général: four children whom he had by this marriage all died before him. In 1808 he was commissioned by Napoleon to write a report on the progress of the natural sciences from the year 1789. The luminous and interesting treatise which he produced on this occasion was formally presented to Napoleon in the council of state. Cuvier declares the true object of science to be, to lead the mind of man towards its noble destination-a knowledge of truth-to spread sound and wholesome ideas among the lowest classes of the people, to draw human beings from the empire of prejudices and passions, to make reason the arbitrator and supreme guide of public opinion.' His next appointment was that of counsellor for life of the new Imperial University, in which capacity he had frequent personal intercourse with Napoleon. In 1809-10 he was charged with the organiza tion of the new academies, the name designed to be given to the old universities of the Italian states which were annexed His reports of those missions exhibit the to the empire. He organized those of Piedmont, Genoa, and Tuscany. mild and enlightened spirit which he brought to the task. Speaking of the universities of Tuscany, he deprecates a too hasty and rash interference with institutions which had been founded and sustained by so many great men, and in which he found much to praise and to retain. In 1811 he was sent on a similar mission to Holland and the Hanseatic towns: his report especially concerning Holland is very interesting, as the subject of public instruction in that country is not generally known. He paid particular attention not only to the higher branches of education, but also to popular or elementary instruction; his principle was, that instruction would lead to civilization, and civilization to morality, and therefore that primary or elementary instruction should give to the people every means of fully exercising their industry without disgusting them with their condition; that secondary instruction, such as in the lycea, should expand the mind, without rendering it false or presumptuous; and that special or scientific instruction should give to France magistrates, physicians, advocates, generals, words were: Give schools before political rights; make clergymen, professors, and other men of learning. His citizens comprehend the duties that the state of society imposes on them; teach them what are political rights before you offer them for their enjoyment: then all amelioration will be made without causing a shock; then each new idea, thrown upon good ground, will have time to germinate, to grow, and to ripen, without convulsing the social body. Imitate nature, which, in the development of beings, acts by gradation, and gives time to every member to grow to perfection. The infant remains nine months in its mother's womb; man's physical perfection only takes place between twenty and thirty, and his moral completion from thirty to forty. Institutions must have ages to produce all their fruits; witness christianity, the effects of which are not yet accomplished, notwithstanding eighteen cen(Laurillard, Eloge de M. le Baron turies of existence. Cuvier.)

CUVIE'R, GEORGES, was born August 23, 1769, at Montbéliard, now in the department of Doubs, but which at that time was a county belonging to the dukes of Würtemberg. His father, a half-pay officer of a Swiss regiment in the French service, had married late in life a young and accomplished woman, who took especial care of Cuvier's early education. He was sent to study first at T bingen, and he afterwards entered the Academia Carolina, then newly established at Stuttgard by Prince Charles of Würtemberg for the purpose of training up young men for public and diplomatic offices. Cuvier, however, bestowed most of his time on natural history; he collected specimens, and drew and coloured insects, birds, and plants during his hours of recreation. The limited circumstances of his family obliged him to remove from Stuttgard before he obtained any public employment; and at twenty-one years of age he accepted the situation of tutor to the only son of Count d'Hericy in Normandy. The family residence being near the sea, the study of marine animals became a part of Cuvier's occupation. He compared the living species with the fossil remains found in the neighbourhood; and the dissection of a species of cuttle-fish led him to study the anatomy of the mollusca, and to reduce to order this hitherto neglected branch of zoology. While he was thus employed, a society was formed at Valmont, in his neighbourhood, for the encouragement of agriculture. L'Abbé Teissier, a venerable and learned old man, the author of the articles on agriculture in the Encyclopédie Méthodique,' had taken refuge at Valmont from the revolution, disguising his obnoxious character of Abbé under At a meeting of the the garb and profession of a surgeon. new society he expressed his opinions on his favourite subject in a manner which forcibly reminded young Cuvier of the articles which he had read in the Encyclopédie. At the end of the sitting Cuvier addressed the stranger by the name of l'Abbé Teissier: the abbé was alarmed, but Cuvier soon removed his apprehensions, and an intimacy was When the reign of terror had formed between them. ceased, Teissier wrote to Jussieu and other friends at Paris in terms of high commendation of his new acquaintance. The result was, that Cuvier was requested to forward some of his papers to the Society of Natural History, und shortly after, in 1795, being then 26 years of age, he went to Paris, and in the same year was appointed assistant to Mertrud in the superintendence of the Jardin de Plantes, which locality became from that time his home, and the scene of his labours and of his fame. Here he began the creation of that now splendid collection of comparative anatomy, and in December of the same year he opened his first course on that branch of science. In 1796 the National Institute was formed, and Cuvier was one of In 1798 he published his Tableau i's first members. élémentaire de l'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux,' and afterwards his 'Mémoire sur les Ossemens Fossiles des Quadrupedes' and 'Mémoire sur les Ossemens Fossiles qui se trouvent dans les Gypses de Montmartre.' He continued to illustrate the subject of fossil remains by subsequent memoirs. In the year 1800 he was named professor of natural philosophy at the Collé de France, continuing at the

In 1813 Cuvier was sent to Rome, then annexed to the French empire, to organize the universities there. Although his being a Protestant rendered this mission the more delicate, yet his enlightened tolerance and benignity of manner gained him the general esteem and approbation in the capital of the Catholic world. Soon after Napoleon appointed him maître des requêtes to the council of state; and in 1814, just before his abdication, he named him councillor of state, an appointment which was confirmed by Louis XVIII., who soon after appointed him chancellor of the university, an office which he held till his death. In both these capacities he found himself at times in a very trying position, arising from the intolerance and bigotry of certain individuals of influence about court.

In 1830 Cuvier opened a course in the Collège de France on the history and progress of science, and especially of the natural sciences, in all ages. In the same year ha paid a second visit to England, and it was during his absence from Paris that the revolution of July took place. On his return he was graciously received by the new king Louis Philippe, who in 1832 made him a peer of France. On the 8th of May of that year, be opened the third and concluding part of his course of lectures on the history of science, by summing up all that he had previously said; he then pointed out what remained for inta to say respecting this earth and its changes, and announced his intention of unfolding his own manner of viewing the present state of creation. This discourse, delivered in a calm solemn manner, produced a deep impression on ha hearers, which was increased when he added the concluding words: These will be the objects of our future investiga tions, if time, health, and strength, shall be given to the to continue and finish them with you.' That was his last lecs ture. The following day he felt ill, and soon after paralysis manifested itself. He saw the approach of death with resig nation, and on the 13th he expired, at the age of sixty-three. universally regretted. He was buried in the cemetery of Père la Chaise; his funeral was attended by deputations from the Council of State, the several academies, by members of the two Chambers, &c.

In 1817 he published a second edition of the 'Recherches [ marriage; a loss from which he never entirely recovered, sur les Ossemens Fossiles,' in 5 vols., 8vo., and also his although a sense of his public duties made him stifle his Regne Animal,' in 4 vols., in which the whole subject- grief. In 1828 appeared the first volume of his Histoire matter of zoology is arranged according to the principle of or- Naturelle des Poissons;' a splendid work, of which he lived ganization. It begins with man, of whom he recognizes only to see eight volumes published, and which has been since one genus and one species, diversified by varieties called continued, and is to be completed in twenty volumes. It races. In 1818 he made a journey to England, where he was contains more than 5000 species of fishes, described from received with appropriate honour. In the same year he was real specimens and classed, with observations on their elected a member of the French Academy. In 1819 he anatomy, and critical researches on their nomenclature. was appointed president of the committee of the interior in antient as well as modern. the council of state, an oflice which, fortunately for him, was beyond the sphere of political intrigues, and only required order, impartiality, and an exact knowledge of the laws and principles of the administration. In the same year Louis XVIII., as a personal mark of his regard, created lam a baron. He was appointed also temporary grand master of the University, an office however which he willingly resigned for that of grand master of the Faculties of Protestant Theology in 1922. He himself stipulated that he should receive no salary for this latter office. He was made at the same time one of the vice presidents of the Bible Society. Through his care fify new Protestant cures were created in France. He also established new professorships of history, living languages, and natural history, in the minor schools of the kingdom. In 1825 he republished, separately, the preliminary discourse to the Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles,' which is generally known by the title of Discours sur les Revolutions de la Surface du Globe,' and has been translated into most European languages under the title of Theory of the Earth. This work is not a system of mere speculative theory, but a series of deductions from actual facts, authenticated by his own researches into the fossil remains, classed according to the strata in which they were found. Cuvier draws the following conclusions: 1st. That in the strata called primitive there are no remains of life or organized existence. 2nd. That all organized existences were not created at the same time, but at different times, probably very remote from each other; vegetables before animals, the mollusca and fishes before reptiles, and the latter before the mammalia. The transition limestone exhibits the remains of the lowest forms of existence; the chalk and clay conceal the remains of fishes, repules, and quadrupeds, the beings of a former order of things which have now disappeared. 3rd. That among fossil remains no vestige appears of man or his works, no bones of monkeys are found, no specimen of the whole tribe of quadrumanous animals. 4th. That the fossil remains in the more recent strata are those which approach nearest to the present type of the corresponding living species. 5th. That the stratified layers which form the crust of the globe are divisible into two classes, one formed by fresh water, and the other formed in the waters of the sea; a fact which leads to the conclusion that several parts of the globe have been alternately covered by the sea and by fresh water., From these and other facts, Cuvier concludes that the actual order of things on the surface of our globe did not commence at a very remote time: he agrees with Deluc and Dolomieu, that the surface of the earth was subject to a great and sudden revolution not longer than five or six thousand years ago, and that this catastrophe caused the disappearance of countries formerly the abode of man and of species of animals now unknown to us. But he also believes that the countries now inhabited had been at some former period, long before the creation of man, inhabited by land animals, which were destroyed by some previous convulsion, and that this globe has undergone two or three such visitations, which destroyed as many orders of animals, of which we find the remains in the various strata. At the close of his work on fossil remains he thus modestly expresses himself: I have no doubt, that in a few years, the work which I now terminate, and to which I have devoted so much labour, will be but a trifling sketch, a first glance thrown over the immense creations of antient times.'

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The career of this great and good man, passed quietly but most usefully in the pursuits of science, and in structing and benefiting mankind, during forty years the most eventful in the history of France and of Europe, forms a striking contrast with that of the conquerors and pinticians who agitated the world during the same peri His works, of which we have mentioned a few of the most important, are very numerous, and even a mere ca'al gue of them would exceed our limits. The reader will find a full list of them in chronological order in the very interfesting Memoir of Baron Cuvier, by Mrs. R. Lee, to which, us well as to a well written article on the Life and Labours of Curier in No. XXVIII. of the Foreign Quarterly kerier, December, 1834, we are indebted for most of the materiais of this notice. Numerous eloges of Cuvier have also n peared in France, by MM. Duvernoy, Pariset, Laurilard, &e Cuvier himself wrote numerous éloges, among otiers, of Bruguières, Daubenton, Lemonnier, Priestley, Adansen, Saussure, Bonnet, Foureroy, Pallas, Rumford, Werner, St Joseph Banks, Delambre, Berthollet, Larepede, Fabbrous, Ramond, Sir Humphry Davy, &c. The-e eloges, whi h are really interesting biographies, have been published i 3 vols., 8vo. He also contributed to the Dictaminaire des Sciences Medicales,' the Biographie Universelle," aal to the Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles.' The arti

Nature, in the last, is deserving of especial attenti There is a little work of Cuvier, a small 12mo, which aithough out of the sphere of his general studies, deserves mention. It consists of a discourse on the distrit ut on the annual prize established by the philanthropist M. de Monty on under the name of 'prix de vertu,' to be given tas those who have excelled by their active virtues in diaz g good to their fellow-creatures. Louise Scherplus, the vir lager of the Vosges, and disciple of the venerable Oberal was one of those who received the prize.

CUXHAVEN, a large and important harbour on the left bank of the Elbe, at its entrance into the Gorila. Ocean. It is situated in 53° 53′ N. lat and 5° 44′ Eng in the bailiwick of Ritzebüttel, which lies along the northern shores of the Hanoverian duchy of Bremen, and belong-t

In 1826 Charies X. bestowed on Cuvier the decoration of grand officer of the legion of honour; and the king of Würtemberg, his former sovereign, made hum commander | the free city of Hamburg. It affords a secure silter of his order of the crown. In 1827 Cuvier, as a member of the cabinet of the interior, was intrusted with the superintendence of all afla.rs concerning the different religions professed in France, except the Cathole. In the same year he had the misfortune to lose his only remaining child, a daughter, amiable and accomplished, and on the eve of her

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this dangerous sea in the winter months, or to sups wall for tair winds. It contains about seo inhal talts, che „ pilots and fishermen; has a lighthouse, cxcelent tam at establishments. and arrangements for the pezinfiki quarantine. There is also a regular communication England by the packets, which formerly took their departure