f Greece. Upon his death in 579 B.C.. his power other, 152 grains

COR

13

CORINTHIAN ORDER. [CIVIL ARCHITECTURE; | Corinthians as he promised, declares his great success in
preaching, mentions his numerous sufferings and disasters
COLUMN.]
incurred for the sake of the faithful, enforces the necessity
of completing the contribution for the saints, and concludes
with a farewell salutation.

The great rhetorical merits of this address are critically
discussed in the Disputatio Inauguralis de alterâ Pauli ad
Corinthios Epistolâ,' by M. Royards, 8vo., 1818. All the
passages in the fathers of the first three centuries which
contain any citation from, or allusion to, these two epistles o.
St. Paul, are collected in the 2nd vol. of Dr. Lardner's Cre
dibility. The words in the first epistle, "Eypaya vμïv iv rý
morоlý (c. v. 9), have been the subject of great controversy,
as implying that another epistle, not now extant, was written
before the one which is called the first. A long list of the
Nume-
critics and divines who have given opinions about it, may
be found in Horne's Introduc., vol. iv. p. 353.
rous critical particulars may be found in the following
works:-Michaelis, Introduction to the New Testament,
by Bishop Marsh, vol. iv. p. 42-74; Eichhorn, Einleitung in
das Neue Test., vol. iii. pp. 91-201; Macknight on the
Epistles; Horne's Introduction, vol. iv., pp. 349-357, and
603; Greswell, Harmony of Gospels, vol. ii., pp. 33-38;
Paley's Hora Paulinæ, pp. 66-98; Critical Commentaries
by Piscator, Rollock, Schlater, and others, are enumerated
in Watts' Bibliotheca, where a very copious list is given of
sermons on texts from these epistles, both which were first
printed separately from the Testament by Melancthon at
Wittenberg in 1521.

CORIOLA'NUS, CNEUS MA'RCIUS, the hero of an antient Roman legend, belonging to the latter half of the third century of the city. Dionysius calls him Caius, but Dion and most of the MSS. of Livy are in favour of (Niebuhr's Hist. of Rome, vol. ii., p. 234, Eng. Cnæus. Transl.) The surname Coriolanus was supposed, in later times, to have been derived from his conquest of Corioli, but it probably arose in the same way as a multitude of other Roman surnames, such as Sabinus, Auruncus, ViA similar connexion might no doubt be scellius, &c., which only indicate the origin of the houses that bore them. (Niebuhr, satisfactorily traced in many more cases if the names of the towns remained to justify our conclusions. vol. ii., p. 242.) The story of Coriolanus, as given by the Roman historians, is so completely poetical in its form, and so rhetorical in its details, that Niebuhr (p. 242) is of opinion that almost the whole of it must be excluded from history. The tale however runs as follows:-

CORINTHIANS, ST. PAUL'S TWO EPISTLES TO THE. The First Epistle of St. Paul to the Gentile and Jewish converts to Christianity in the city of Corinth is generally considered by the commentators and critics to have been written A.D. 57 or 58. Of this opinion are Michaelis, Mill, Whitby, Pearson, Benson, Paley, Adam Clarke, Greswell, &c.; but the date assigned to it by Beausobre, L'Enfant, and Lardner is A.D. 56. The place from which it was written is stated in the concluding postscript to be Philippi, which, as it apparently contradicts the apostle's statement in verse 8, 'I shall remain in Ephesus until Pentecost (ἐπιμενῶ δὲ ἐν Εφέσῳ), the latter place is commonly given as the more probable; especially as these postscripts appear to be in other instances erroneous, and without authority. In order to perceive the design of these epistles, it is necessary to observe the following circumstantial facts which gave occasion to the writing of them:Christianity was first preached at Corinth by St. Paul, who resided there about eighteen months, between A.D. 51 and 53. His successors were Apollos, Aquila, and Sosthenes. But shortly after his departure several other learned and eloquent teachers of Christianity drew away most of the Christian converts from the Gospel doctrine as set forth by St. Paul, and formed them principally into two separate parties, the one contending for the rigid observance of the Jewish ritual, the other for indulgence in some of the idolatrous and lascivious customs of the worship of Venus, to whom a magnificent temple, containing a thousand prostitutes (Strabo, Casaub., 378), was dedicated in the centre of this great commercial city, which bore a proverbial character for luxury and licentiousness. Some writers conjecture that the Judaizing preachers of the Gospel in Corinth were some of the twelve apostles: since Paul asserts that on this question he withstood Peter to the face, and (2 Cor. xi. 22, 23) he speaks of these teachers as Hebrews and ministers of Christ. On being apprised of this condition of the Corinthian church, St. Paul wrote his first epistle, the contents of which may be considered under two general heads: first, the reproval of abuses and corruptions which disgraced the Christian community of Corinth; secondly, the reply to various questions, for the decision of which the Corinthians had appealed to the judgment of their apostle. After commencing with the usual salutation, he proceeds therefore to rebuke their schisms and assumption of knowledge and wisdom; exhorting them to become united to himself, as Coriolanus was in the Roman camp when the consul having a prior claim to their respect and attention (c. i. to iv.). He next reproves them for not having delivered unto Cominius was laying siege to Corioli. The besieged making Satan one who had his father's wife (c. v.); for not suffer- a vigorous sally, succeeded in driving back the Romans to ing themselves to be defrauded rather than go to law; and their camp; but Coriolanus immediately rallied them, the Antiates had come to relieve the town, and were on especially for their indulgence in fornication (c. vi.). Then rushed through the gates, and took the place. Meanwhile follow answers to the questions, in which instructions are given concerning marriage, celibacy of virgins and widows, the point of engaging with the consul's army, when Cothe eating of idolatrous sacrifices, the exercise of superna- riolanus commenced the battle, and soon completely detural gifts, the proprieties to be observed by public preach-feated them. From this time he was greatly admired ers, and the forbidding women to address congregations for his warlike abilities, but his haughty demeanour (c. viii. to xiv.). A censure is passed upon the profane ob- gave considerable offence to the commonalty. Not long occasion of a servance of the Lord's Supper, for in eating it, each before afterwards, his implacable anger was excited by being another took his own supper, so that while one was hungry refused the consulship; and when, on another was drunk (ἕκαστος γὰρ τὸ ἴδιον δεῖπνον προλαμβάνει severe famine in the city, corn was at last brought from ἐν τῷ φαγεῖν· καὶ ὃς μὲν πεινᾷ, ὃς δὲ μεθύει) c. xi. 21. From Sicily (some purchased and some given by a Greek prince), c. xv. 12, it appears that it was taught among the Christians and a debate arose whether it should be given gratis or sold of Corinth that there is no resurrection of the dead. St. Paul to the plebs, Coriolanus strenuously advised that it should thence takes occasion to expatiate upon the subject to the be sold. The people in their fury would have torn him to end of this chapter, which forms the most imposing part of pieces had not the tribunes summoned him to take his trial. the Church of England Burial Service. The epistle closes He was banished by a majority of the tribes, and retired with an exhortation to the Corinthians to secure the collec- to Antium, the chief town of the Volsci, where the tion of money for the necessitous saints in Judæa, both king, Attius Tullus, received him with great hospitality. hearers and preachers, which is several times enforced with Coriolanus promised the Volsci his aid in their war various arguments, especially in c. ix. and xvi., and in c. viii. against Rome, and they forthwith granted him the highest and ix. of the second epistle, of which we now come to civil honours, and appointed him their general. He At last he directed speak. It is generally agreed that it was written A.D. 58, attacked and took many towns; among others Circeii, about a year after the first, and from Philippi, as the post- Satricum, Longula, and Lavinium. script asserts. The main purpose of St. Paul in this epistle his march to Rome itself, and pitched his camp only a was to repel the imputations which it appears his first few miles from the city, where he dictated the terms at which the Romans might purchase a cessation of hosepistle had induced the opponent teachers to make, both as to his doctrines, authority, and personal appearance. It is tilities. Among other things he demanded that the land in fact an apologetic oration, in which the apostle enlarges taken from the Volsci should be restored, that the coloon his spiritual office, power, and qualifications; and speaks nies settled there should be recalled, and that the whole of his supernatural revelations, as far exceeding the preten- people should be received as allies and citizens with equal sions of his rivals at Corinth, whom he designates false rights; and that all those who had enlisted themselves apostles, deceitful workers, and ministers of Satan,' xi. 13. under his banners should be recalled as well as himself. He explains at length the cause of his not having visited the Coriolanus allowed them two terms, one of thirty and the

other of three days, for making up their minds. After thirty days had expired, a deputation of four leading senators camé before his tribunal, but were repulsed with threas if they should agan offer anything but unreservel sub

On the second day the whole body of priests and angurs came in their offical garb and implored him, but in vain. On the third and last day which he had allowed them he intended to lead his army against the city, but another experdent was tried, and succeeded. The noblest matrons of the city, led by Veturia, the mother of Coriolanus, and his wife Volumnia, who held her little children by the hand, came to his tent. Their lamentations at last prevailed on his almost unbending resolution, and, addressing his mother, he said with a flood of tears, take then thy country instead of me, s.nce this is thy choice. The embassy departed; and dismissing his forces, he returned and lived among the Volesi to a great age. According to another account he was murdered by Some of the Volsci, who were indignant at his withdrawing from the attack.

After his death however the Roman women wore mourning for him as they had done for some former heroes. The public gratitude for the patriotic services of Volumnia were acknowledged by a temple, which was erected to Female Fortune. Shakspeare has founded his play of 'Coriolanus' on certain parts of the legend.

(Dionysius Halicarnassensis, viii.; Plutarch, Life of Coriolanus; Livius ii., 33-40; Florus i, 11: Niebuhr's Hist. of Rome, vol. ii., pp. 234-243.)

indentations of the coast from Youghall to Kenmare give a coast-line of about 200 miles. Population in 1821, 629,786; in 1931, 703,716.

The chief mountain groups, which with bogs and anprofitable lands occupy upwards of recenths of the entire surface, may be considered as chets of the main ridge which separate, Cork from Kerry. This ridge, the southern extremity of which separates Bantry Bay from the river of Kenmare, runs N.N.E. and S.S.W., and on the side towards Cork ends off numerous lateral elevations. Of these the two chief are the ranges north and south of the valley of the Lee, which river divides the county into two nearly equal portions. The northern range, which is by much the more extensive, consists of the almost continuous groups of the Muskerry, Boggra, and Nagles mountains, and stretches in a uniform direction from the Kerry boundary on one side of the county, to within a few miles of the borders of Waterford on the other. The Shehy group, which forms the southern boundary of the basin of the Lee, runs a much shorter distance from the main ridge; but the upland country of Kinalmeaky, into which it subsides, prolongs the elevation in a line parallel to the direction of the Boggra range across the entire extent of the county, from Dunmanway on the west to the high grounds above Cork and Passage on the east. North and south of this central valley are the districts which form the basins of the Blackwater and the Bandon; the former included between the mountains of Limerick and Tipperary, and the Boggra groups; and the latter between the Shelly CORK, botanically considered, is the soft elastic bark of range and those elevations which rise southward towards a kind of oak inhabiting Spain and Portugal. [QUERCUS.] the sea coast. These three principal valleys are nearly symThe bark of all trees consists of a parenchymatous or soft metrically situated, and their respective rivers run very cellular substance, and of a harder ligneous tubular tissue: nearly parallel to one another, their general course being in most species the latter is most abundant; in the cork from west to east: all have their rise among the eastern dethe former constitutes the mass of the bark, and hence its clivities of the Kerry ridge, and each, as it approaches the elasticity and the facility with which it is cut in all direc- termination of its course, takes a southward direction for tions. When however it is first generated, the bark of some miles before entering the sea. In like manner each the cork-tree is far less elastic than it becomes subse- is naturally navigable throughout this latter portion of its quently; which is owing to its consisting in the first in- course, as the Blackwater from Youghall at its mouth to stance of a large proportion of woody matter. When the Cappoquin; the Lee from the sea to Cork; and the Bandon latter is once formed, which takes place in the first year of from Kinsale at its mouth to Inishonan. The Blackwater 1ts growth, it never increases, however long the bark may is by much the largest river of the three, and drains a pro remain in a living state; but the parenchymatous substance portionately greater extent of country. The bogs and waste will go on growing as long as the bark is alive, a provision lands lie among the mountain groups described; the reof nature connected with the annual increase in diameter of mainder of the county is well tilled and productive, partiwood and the necessity of the bark giving way to the pres-cularly along the banks of the rivers enumerated, and in sure from within. If the growth of the parenchyma is the districts included between their embouchures. prolonged and rapid, a corky substance is the necessary consequence, as in certain kinds of elms, the common oak itself, and many other trees; but it does not occur in any European tree in such exce-s as in the cork. As soon as the bark dies, it of course ceases to grow, and then, not distending as it is pressed upon from within, it falls off in flakes which correspond to the layers that are formed annually. These flakes are the layers of cork which the Saniards collect under the name of the outer bark, while the inner living bark is or rather should be spared. We are told, however, by Captain S. Cook, that recently the Spaniards have committed the inconceivable absurdity of stripping off the inner bark also, although it is of no value except for tanning, and although its removal of course destroys the trees. The same intelligent observer states that the cork-tree occurs in Spain throughout the whole extent of the Tierra Caliente, but is most abundant in Catalonia and Valencia, whence the principal exports have been made. Cork appears to be a corruption of the Latin word cortex. CORK TRADE. [BARK.]

CORK, a maritime county of the province of Munster in Ireland, bounded on the north by the counties of Limerick and Tipperary, on the east by the county of Waterford, on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by the county of Kerry. It lies between 51° 27′ and 52° 13' N. lat, nearly under the same parallels with South Wiles, and is by much the largest county in Ireland. Its greatest length from Youghall on the east to the mouth of the Kenmare river on the west, is 93 Irish or 110 English miles; and its greatest breadth from the Old Head of Kinsale upon the south to Charleville on the north, is 44 Irish or 56 English miles. The area is estimated at 2654 square statute miles, or 1,698,882 English acres; but this estimate is not to be depended on for accuracy: the

• These mesenrements are given from Smith. Doctor Beaufort makes the

length 78 irish or 99 English miles; and the breadth 56 Irish or 714 English

Beginning from the east, the harbour of Youghall has a tolerable anchorage in six fathoms water without the bar. where vessels may wait the tide, which gives twenty feet of water on the bar at neaps. Three leagues south is a good anchorage and fishing ground, in five to twelve fathoms water at Ring Point. From this the coast is rocky, with the exception of the extensive strand of Ballycotton Bay, to the entrance of Cork harbour four leagues farther west. This harbour is so commodious, says Smith, that it will admit the largest vessels at any time of the tide without striking sail, and has a land-locked anchorage in ten fathoms water in some places, and in seven fathoms' water within a cable's length of the shore. On the shoalest part of the bar are thirty feet water at ebb-tide. From this westward to Kinsale harbour the coast is rocky and dangerous. The harbour of Kinsale has thirty feet of water on the bar, and anchorage within in seven fathoms; but it is not so capacious as that of Cork. There is also good anchorage in any depth of water on both sides of the promontory to the west called the Old Head of Kinsale. The bay of Courtmasherry, next west, is fit for vessels of 200 tons, but exposed. Cloghnakilty harbour is encumbered with a bar, on which are only two fathoms' water at full sea, and vessels embayed here are in considerable danger. The harbour of Glandore has fourteen to thirty feet of water in its channel, and a land-locked anchorage. Castlehaven Creek has safe an chorage in fourteen feet; and Baltimore Bay pretty good in six fathoms. Baltimore is situated on the eastern side of an extensive bay, bounded on the east by Cape Clear Island, and on the west by Mizen Head: it contains the several minor bays of Baltimore, Roaring Water, Crookhaven and Inisherkin, in all of which merchant vessels may find anchorage. West from Mizen Head the bay of Dunmanus runs inland twelve miles in a north-east direction, with ten to thirty fathoms of water throughout, and no bar; but it is little frequented, in consequence of the contiguity of Bantry Bay, from which it is separated by the narrow mountainous

promontory terminating in Minterbana or Sheep's Head. | of the Blackwater within the estate, and that the vicinity of Bantry Bay is forty fathoms deep at the mouth, twenty-six the ridge would be an eligible site for a village. The vil miles long, and from three to five miles broad. Bear Island lage of King William's Town has accordingly been built at its entrance protects it from the south-westerly swell, under the superintendence of Mr. Griffith: it consists of a and affords the land-locked anchorage of Bearhaven in ten carman's inn, a model farm-house, a few suitable houses to sixteen fathoms' water, for an unlimited number of for shopkeepers, artisans, and labourers, and a large schoolvessels. Further up, Whiddy Island incloses the minor bays house. The estate, which, on its reversion, was saturated of Bantry and Glengariff, the latter much celebrated for the with water, and covered with thick matted beds of moss, magnificence of its scenery: it is calculated that all the rushes, and heath, the growth of ages,' unfenced, unmanured, shipping of Europe could ride secure in this noble harbour. and inaccessible, is now to a great extent drained and Bearhaven has been proposed as a station for packet-ships divided into well-fenced farms for grazing and tillage, to to North America, in connexion with the projected south- which the newly-opened road affords a ready supply of lime western line of rail-road from Dublin. for manure, as well as a convenient means for carriage of produce to market. The condition of the tenantry is rapidly improving, and there is every prospect of complete success attending these benevolent exertions of the government. Up to the 12th February, 1833, the amount granted by the Treasury for the improvement of these estates was 65007. The estimate for the Castle Island and Mallow, and Killarney and Mallow roads, was 23,812l. 18. 2d.: of this amount government defrayed 17,000l. A sum has also been advanced by the present Board of Works, for the construction of a new road from Glengariff to Killarney, across the ridge of the Bantry mountains. The remaining roads of the county are under the control of the Grand Jury. A railroad has been projected from Cork to Passage, where there is a much frequented ferry between the mainland and Cove. The climate is moist but genial in the south and east. The annual average of rain at Cork for the eleven years preceding 1748 was 38 26 inches. The wind blows between south and north-west for more than three-fourths of the year.

Facilities for water-carriage are confined to the coast: the inland navigation of the Bandon is very inconsiderable; that portion of the Blackwater which is navigable lies in the county of Waterford; and the traffic between Cork and the sea is more a harbour than a river navigation. It has been proposed to render the Bandon navigable, from Dunmanway, near its source, to Inishonan; also the Blackwater, from Mallow to Cappoquin; but neither design has been practically attempted. The only lakes in the county are two small but very picturesque sheets of water, near the source of the Lee, and some pools on the coast.

The road to Dublin, carried over the eastern flank of the Nagles mountains by Rathcormack, unites the valleys of the Lee and the Blackwater from Cork to Fermoy. The road from Cork to Mallow, carried over the western flank of the same range, forms another line of communication between these valleys, and is used as the post-line to Limerick. Westward from Mallow to Millstreet, a distance of nearly eighteen miles, the range of the Boggra mountains formed an impassable barrier, until, in 1823, permission was obtained from government to make a road through the centre of this group at an expense of about 10,000, onehalf to be levied by county presentments, and the other half to be defrayed out of the Consolidated Fund. This road has now been open for several years, and saves the inhabitants of the valley of the Blackwater a distance of fully twenty miles Irish on every journey to and from the Cork market. It also supplies an easy means of transit for fuel to the low countries, both north and south. Before this road was opened, the only means of procuring fuel from the upland bogs was on the backs of small horses, or of men and women. Other new roads have been made at the public expense within the county in the neighbourhoods of Cloghnakilty, Bandon, Skibbereen and Courtmasherry. Prior to the year 1829, a great part of the north-western district of the county was almost inaccessible. This district formed part of a tract of 970 square miles, comprised between the Shannon and the Blackwater, which up to the year 1822 had contained no road passable for horsemen in wet weather. The entire district must have remained neglected by the hand of civilization from the period at which its antient proprietors, the later Earls of Desmond, had been dispossessed of it in the reign of Elizabeth.' (Report on the Crown Lands of Poble O'Keefe, 22 March, 1831.) The whole district contained but two resident landed proprietors, whose houses were distant 383 miles from one another. The inhabitants were poor and ignorant, and the inaccessible nature of the country made it the asylum of smugglers and outlaws. Through the northern parts of this district seventy-five miles of good road were made by government in the years 1823-9. The consequences were an immediate increase of industry and produce, and a very rapid improvement in morals and intelligence. Still there remained the southern portion of the district, comprising 128,000 acres in the north-west of Cork through which no road had yet been carried. To open up this tract, a road was projected in 1829, from Castle Island in the county of Kerry eastward, so as to meet the lately-constructed Boggra road at its terminus on the Blackwater, by which a communication would be opened between Castle Island and Mallow, which would shorten the distance from the former town to Cork by twenty-two miles. A second line, connecting this road with the post-line from Cork to Killarney, was also projected, by means of which Killarney would have a direct communication through Mallow with Waterford. About the same time, a tract of 9000 acres in the heart of the unopened district escheated to the crown. Possession being obtained of 5000 acres, the attention of government was, in January, 1831, directed to the best means of improving the wretched tenantry found occupying the estate. It was found that the projected road from Castle Island would cross the head'

From the east of Limerick and south of Tipperary the limestone field extends towards the Blackwater, which it skirts for a part of its course on both sides between Mallow and Fermoy, until overlaid by the shale and sandstone beds of the Munster coal district, which occupy the whole extent of the uncultivated country described above. The limestone again occurs in stripes along the valley of the Lee, and occupies the basin on which the city of Cork is built, from which it stretches eastward in two parallel belts across the low sandstone country to the banks of the Blackwater. The Boggra and Nagles ranges consist of sandstone, which rock prevails throughout the district watered by the Lee. South of the Lee, the slate-clay, on which the sandstone rests, crops out in longitudinal strata that have a uniform direction from N.N.E. to S.S.W. and a prevalent dip to the S.E. This rock, varying from the hardest grit to clayey rubble, constitutes the whole of the southern portion of the county from the mouth of the Lee to the mountains of Bear and Bantry, where its elevations attain an altitude of above 2500 feet. Among these are some peaks of quartz formation, of which the most remark able is Sugarloaf-hill, which rises over the bay of Glengariff. The veins, which occupy many of the fissures of this rock, abound in ores of iron, copper, lead, and manganese.

The soil of the coal district on the north-west is cold, stiff, and moory. In the north-east, where limestone abounds, it is warm and friable. Along the valley of the Lee is a red, crumbly, and heavy soil, which requires considerable ma nuring with lime or sea sand. Throughout the schistose formations, south of the valley of the Lee, the earth is generally dry and sandy, requiring much dung to make it bear corn. Marl, fullers' earth, and clay for brick kilns and potteries, are found in considerable abundance. The best cultivated parts of the county are the eastern portions of the basins of the Blackwater and the Lee, and the low district included between their embouchures. The system of agriculture in these districts is good. There is a large resident proprietary, and every evidence of wealth and comfort. The remainder of the county, except in the neighbourhood of towns and gentlemen's demesnes, presents a strong contrast. The extreme west is barren from one extremity of the boundary line to the other. The transverse ranges of moorland and bog are totally unreclaimed, and the population on their borders are poor and ignorant. The county is, nevertheless, improving: this improvement is mainly attributable to the construction of roads by the government.

The county comprehends 22 baronies, one county of a city. and sundry corporate districts. Duhallow, Orrery and Kil more, Fermoy, Condons and Clongibbons, occupy the district of the Blackwater, enumerating from west to east. West Muskerry, East Muskerry, Barretts, Barrymore, Kilnatal loon, and Imokilly, occupy the district of the Lee in the

profit on the same coast. Veins of sulphate of barytes occur in the neighbourhood of Bantry, and specimens of asbestos have been procured at Bearhaven. The coal of the district of the Blackwater is anthracite or blind coal. The chief workings are at Clonbannon and Dromagh, near the crown estate, where there is a good home consumption at the distilleries in the neighbourhood. The district is, however, still too inaccessible to encourage extensive operations. There is abundance of iron ore, if coal could be had for smelting. While the county was well wooded iron works were carried on to a considerable extent. The East India Company had iron works on the Bandon in 1612, and paid 70007. for a tract of wood for their furnaces. About the year 1632, the Earl of Cork had in his various bloomeries 1000 tons of bar and 20,000 tons of pig iron; besides 200 tons drawn out and faggotted into rods. Bar-iron was at that time worth 187. per ton.

The export of produce is the principal trade: 30,000 fir kins of butter, value about 50,0007., are annually brought to market from the western district; but a considerable part of this is supplied from the borders of Kerry and Limerick. The following abstract exhibits the quantities of grain sold at some of the principal market towns in the year 1835:

No returns from Skibbereen, Cloghnakilty, Bandon, Mai low, Charleville, and Youghall.

The linen and woollen manufactures at one time flourished in several towns of this county; but trade in these branches has for many years back been languishing. TABLE OF POPULATION.