mortes avant elle.

sont venus à nous.

6. Elles sont sorties malgré moi. 7. Ila 8. Ils sont arrivés il y a une heure et

demie. 9. Je suis devant la classe, et la classe est devant

moi.

10. Qui est derrière elles?

de l'église.

.

11. Notre école est près

3. Of

1. For them (m.), for them (f.). 2. Of me, of him. you, of her. 4. At my house, at our house. 5. At his house, at her house. 6. At your house, at their house. 7. At the lawyer's, at the doctor's. 8. She came to our house without them and in spite of them. 9. He fell sick on Thursday morning and died before the evening. 10. Our neighbors are not at home to-day; they went away last evening and haven't returned yet. 11. My father is at home; he is not out. 12. We went away after them and returned home before them. 13. After you, my friend. 14. He is standing by (near) the table, and she is sitting near the door. 15. Have you seen the garden behind the church?

Oral Drill.

1. Etes-vous chez vous (à la maison) ou à l'école? 2. Où est la classe? 3. Suis-je devant la classe? 4. La classe estelle devant ou derrière moi? 5. Etes-vous entré dans la salle de classe avant ou après moi? 6. Suis-je debout ou assis? 7. Etes-vous près de la table? 8. Suis-je assis entre la porte et la fenêtre? 9. Votre mouchoir est-il dans le tiroir ou dans votre poche? 10. Votre amie Jeanne est-elle allée chez sa tante malgré le médecin?

1. Is the table between the class and me? 2.

Where am

I standing? 3. Is my grammar on the table? 4. Are your cousins at the doctor's? 5. Did they go to his house together? 6. Are they ill? 7. Did you come into this room before or after I did (after me)? 8. Is she sitting in front of you? 9. Am I standing behind you? 10. Did you go out without her?

Lesson 27: The Adjective Tout.

Tous les hommes sont mortels.- All men are mortal.

The adjective tout, all, whole, every, always precedes the article when the latter is present! Of is not expressed after

After même (same), as is expressed by que:

J'ai lu les mêmes livres que vous, I have read the same books as you.

Another is expressed in two ways in French: by encore un (or une), an additional one; by un (une) autre, a different one. Encore une fois, once more; une autre fois, some other time.

Exercise.

1. Tous mes crayons sont perdus, et toutes mes plumes sont mauvaises. 2. Qui a apporté toutes ces fleurs? 3. Elle a lu les mêmes livres que nous. 4. J'ai trouvé mon encrier chez lui, mais je n'ai pas encore trouvé mon porte-plume. 5. Montrez-moi la fenêtre. 6. Voilà la fenêtre; elle est près de la porte. 7. Ont-ils reçu les autres lettres? 8. A-t-elle visité tout le jardin ? 9. Elle a reçu une lettre tous les lundis. 10. Tout le monde est ici aujourd'hui. 11. Tous les hommes qui sont ici sont mes amis. 12. Donnez-moi les mêmes crayons.

1. I have been in all the rooms of that white house 2. Her uncle and aunt have not been at church to-day. 3. She has visited the whole house. 4. All of their friends are dead. 5. Is the whole grammar useful? 6. We have not seen that man 7. When did she write to her mother? 8. Did she write a letter every day or every week? 9. She wrote every Friday. 10. Everybody is here.

11. He has prepared all of his lessons at home. 12. John has left one of his books at home. 13. All of Mary's dresses are pretty; they are prettier than her sister's. 14. Where has he been? 15. Give me the same books, but the other pens. 16. Bring us another umbrella [two meanings].

Lesson 28: The First Conjugation

La nuit porte conseil.

The night brings counsel.

French verbs may be divided into four conjugations, distinguished from each other by the termination of the infinitive. The 1st ends in -er, the 2d in -ir, the 3d in -oir, the 4th in -re.

In English, the present participle ends in -ing; in French, it ends in ant. It is frequently used in English with the verb to be, but it is never so used in French. Instead of saying I am speaking, we must in French say I speak; instead of I was speaking, I spoke; instead of I shall be speaking, I shall speak.

The First Conjugation. — In the first conjugation, which contains the great majority of French verbs, the infinitive ends in er and the past participle in -é.

porter, to carry; portant, carrying; porté, carried

sage, wise; (of a child) good, well-behaved.

Notice this meaning of trouver: Comment trouvez-vous mon chapeau ? How do you like my hat? or What do you think of my hat? Distinguish from aimer and penser.

1 In questions, when the 1st person singular ends in e mute, an acute accent is placed on it for the sake of the sound: donné-je, do I give? Any statement preceded by est-ce que (is it that?) becomes a question: Il a reçu une lettre, he has received a letter. Est-ce qu'il a reçu une lettre ? Has he received a letter? The latter construction should be used for the interrogative form of the 1st person singular, as forms like donné-ie, parlé-je, etc., are found only in exalted style and in poetry.

2 See Lesson 3, (2).

The imperative of any regular verb is formed from the present indicative. In the 1st conjugation, -s of the second person singular is dropped.

1. Je cherche mes crayons; ils sont perdus.

2. Aimez

vous les fleurs blanches? 3. Est-ce que tout le monde aime les jardins? 4. Ne cachez pas les cahiers de mes élèves mon ami. 5. Travaillez chez vous. 6. Ne parlez pas toujours. 7. Cette femme a été riche, mais elle travaille une heure dans son jardin tous les jours. 8. Je trouve que votre 9. Fermons les autres

frère est très sage; il travaille bien. fenêtres. 10. Nous ne fermons pas les portes. 11. Vous cachez toujours mes plumes; où sont-elles? 12. Demeurezvous près d'ici ? 13. Ne trouvez-vous pas ces enfants sages? 14. Ne pleure pas, mon petit ami.

livre.

15. J'ai eu un autre

1. Where do you live? 2. Where do we live? 3. Have you been near the school? 4. Are you looking for your per or pencil? 5. Are you working? 6. Are all the pupils of the same class working? 7. Do you not consider these other Am I speaking of you or of her?

sentences very easy? 8.

10.

Who is talking? Who has hidden

14. Have you

9. Are you speaking of him or of me? 11. Where did you leave your books? 12. mine? 13. Does she leave hers at home? brought all of yours? 15. Does a boy wear or take off his hat in the house? 16. Do not1 cry, my child. 17. He is speaking of your friends and mine. 18. We close all the doors and windows every evening. 19. I do not close mine. 20. Close that window near the door and this one too.

1 Use second singular in addressing a child. See French sentence 14 of this lesson.