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List of Verbs requiring De before an Infinitive 329

s'enorgueillir, to be louer, to praise for.

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| projeter, to intend.

promettre, to promise. proposer, to propose. se proposer, to pur

pose.

se mêler, to interfere, protester, to protest.

to meddle. menacer, to threaten. mériter, to deserve. mourir, to die; to long. négliger, to neglect. obliger, to oblige, to do a service. obtenir, to obtain. s'occuper, to be intent

on.

offrir, to offer.

omettre, to omit.

oublier, to forget.

recommander, to recom

mend.

redouter, to fear. refuser, to refuse. regretter, to regret. | se réjouir, to rejoice. remercier, to thank. se repentir, to repent. reprocher, to reproach. se réserver, to reserve to one's self a right. résoudre, to resolve. rire, to laugh.

se garder, to take care ordonner, to prescribe.risquer, to risk.

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XXVII. List of verbs requiring à before an infinitive.

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employer, to employ, to pencher, to lean.

оссиру.

passer, to spend in.

penser, to think of.

encourager, to encour- persévérer, to perse

age.

engager, to induce. s'engager, to bind one's

self.

s'enhardir, to make bold, to venture. enseigner, to teach.

chercher, to seek, to s'entendre, to know

try.

commencer, to begin. se complaire, to delight in.

concourir, to concur.

condamner,

demn.

to con

how.

s'étudier, to apply one's self.

exceller, to excel.

exciter, to urge. s'exercer, to exercise one's self.

condescendre, to con- exhorter, to exhort.

descend.

consentir, to consent. consister, to consist in. conspirer, to conspire. se consumer, to ruin one's health. contribuer, to contribute.

convier, to invite. coûter, to cost. décider, to persuade. se décider, to decide. descendre, to stoop. destiner, to destine, to design. déterminer, to induce. se déterminer, to determine, to resolve. dévouer, to devote.

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vere.

persister, to persist. se plaire, to delight. plier, to bend. porter, to induce. prendre plaisir, to take pleasure in.

préparer, to prepare. se préparer, to prepare one's self. prétendre, to aspire. provoquer, to provoke. réduire, to reduce. se refuser, to refuse one's self, not to ad mit.

renoncer, to renounce. se résigner, to resign.

to submit one's self. se résoudre, to solve.

re

réussir, to succeed. servir, to serve. songer, to think of. suffire, to be sufficient. tarder, to delay, to be

long.

travailler, to work, to

study, to endeavor. se tuer, to kill one's self, to take much trouble.

venir, to chance, to happen.

viser, to aim, to aspire.

disposer, to prepare, to s'opiniâtrer, to be obsti- vouer, to devote.

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se disposer, to prepare. parvenir, to succeed in.

se vouer, to devote, to

apply one's self.

Adjectives which change their Signification 331

XXVIII. Adjectives which change their signification according as they are placed before or after the noun.

Bon. Un homme bon, a good man; un bon homme, a simple man; uv bon mot, a pun; une bonne parole, a good word.

Brave. Un homme brave, a brave man; un brave homme, a worthy

man.

Certain. Une chose certaine, a positive thing; une certaine chose, a particular thing.

Cher. Mon cher ami, my dear friend; une maison chère, a costly house. Commun. Une voix commune, a common voice; d'une commune voix, unanimously.

Dernier. Le mois dernier, last month; le dernier mois, the last month (of the year, of my stay in London, etc.).

Différent; divers. Les différentes (diverses) choses, various things; les choses différentes (diverses), different things.

Faux. Une fausse clef, a skeleton key; une clef fausse, a wrong key; une fausse porte, a secret door; une porte fausse, a false door.

Furieux. Un furieux menteur, a terrible liar; un homme furieux, an enraged man.

Galant. Un galant homme, a well-bred man; un homme galant, a man polite to ladies.

Gentil. Un gentilhomme, a nobleman; un homme gentil, a delightful, polite man.

Grand.

man.

Un grand homme, a great man; un homme grand, a tall But if, after grand homme, some other external qualities are added, it means tall: C'est un grand homme blond, bien fait. In like manner if, after un homme grand, some moral qualification is added, grand does not refer to the size: Un homme grand dans des desseins. Le grand air, noble manners; l'air grand, a noble look.

Haut. Le haut ton, an arrogant manner; le ton haut, a loud voice. Honnête. Un honnête homme, an honest man; un homme honnête, a polite man.

Mauvais. Le mauvais air, vulgar appearance; l'air mauvais, ill-natured look.

Méchant. Une méchante épigramme, a poor epigram; une épigramme méchante, a wicked epigram.

Même. La même femme, the same woman; les rues mêmes, even the streets, or the very streets.

Mortel. Un mortel ennemi, a deadly enemy; l'homme mortel, mortal

man.

Neuf. Un habit neuf, a new-made coat; un habit nouveau, a coat of

new fashion; un nouvel habit, another coat.

Nouveau. Le nouveau vin, wine different from that which was drunk before, newly broached wine; du vin nouveau, wine newly made. Pauvre. When placed before the noun, it has the various significations which the word poor has in English: assister un pauvre vieillard, une pauvre veuve, un pauvre homme, means to assist one in poverty; le pauvre enfant, les pauvres innocents, le pauvre animal, are terms of endearment; un pauvre orateur, de pauvre vin, are terms of contempt. When placed after the noun it always signifies poverty: un homme pauvre, a needy man.

Petit. Un petit homme, a little man; un homme petit, a mean man. Observe that petit has its natural meaning when placed before the noun, its figurative, when placed after. It is the reverse with grand. Plaisant. Un plaisant conte, an unlikely, absurd tale; un conte plaisant,

an amusing story. Un plaisant homme, a ridiculous man; un homme plaisant, a humorous man.

Propre. Mon propre habit, my own coat; un habit propre, a clean coat. Seul. Un seul homme, a single man; un homme seul, a man alone. Triste. Un triste homme, a poor kind of a man; un homme triste, a sorrowful man.

Vilain. Un vilain homme, a disagreeable man; un homme fort vilain, an ugly man.

XXIX. THE ADVERB.

Formation of adverbs from adjectives.

Most adjectives may be made into adverbs by adding -ment: (1) To the masculine, if it ends with a vowel: poli, poliment; sage, sagement.

EXCEPTIONS. Impuni makes impunément; prodigue, prodigalement ; traître, traîtreusement. Aveugle, conforme, énorme, incommode, opiniâtre, and uniforme change e mute into é: aveuglément, etc.

(2) To the feminine, if the masculine ends with a consonant: Pur, purement; franc, franchement; sec, sèchement; complet, complètement; heureux, heureusement; actif, activement.

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exprès, importun, obscur, précis, profond, end in -ément instead of -ement: communément, confusément, etc.

The adjectives beau, nouveau, fou, mou, being derived from bel, nouvel, fol, mol, are considered as ending with a consonant, and make bellement, nouvellement, follement, mollement.

(3) If the masculine ends in -ant or -ent, nt is changed into -mment, and the last two syllables are pronounced amant: méchant, méchamment; prudent, prudemment.

EXCEPTIONS. The three adjectives lent, présent, véhément, make lentement, présentement, véhémentement.

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