ils pas souvent sur la chaise? 8. Vos amis ne sont-ils pas toujours gais? 9. Ils sont tristes aujourd'hui; ils sont malades. 10. Les quatre petites filles sont-elles souvent méchantes?

1. His father and his brother are very tall, and he is tall too. 2. His wife and his sister are always very agreeable. 3. His friends are not sad; they are very cheerful. 4. Their trees and their houses are high. 5. Your brother's friend is ill to-day. 6. Aren't you here often (often here)? 7. Are you always here? 8. Is she sad to-day? 9. Am I not always cheerful ? 10. Who took (has taken) my books? 11. Aren't they on your table? 12. Are my pens and my

pencils good or bad?

13. Isn't

your grammar easy? 15. Is he your friend?

14. Isn't the book [a] useful [one]?

16. Am I not his friend?

Lesson 10: The Past Indefinite.

Il n'a pas inventé la poudre. He will never set the river on fire.1

(1) The conversational past tense in French is the perfect (past indefinite); it is formed by using the present tense of avoir (sometimes être) and a past participle.

J'ai vu votre père hier, I saw your father yesterday.

Il a perdu sa montre, he lost his watch.

(2) The auxiliary verb to do does not exist in French. In translation, change the expressions did I see, did he buy, did you find, etc., into have I seen, has he bought, have you found, etc. A-t-il perdu sa montre, did he lose his watch?

(3) The prepositions de and à, the definite article (le, la, l', les), the indefinite article (un, une), and the possessive adjec tives are repeated before each noun to which they refer.

1 Literally, He didn't invent gunpowder,

1. Les montres de notre père et de notre mère sont jolies. 3. Êtes-vous sur la chaise? 4. Êtes

2. Où êtes-vous ?

vous Gaston Foulquier? quier, je suis

hier ou aujourd'hui ?

écrit une lettre à mon mis mes livres ?

6.

5. Je ne suis pas Gaston FoulVotre frère a-t-il perdu son canif Il a perdu son canif hier. 8. J'ai frère et à ma sœur. 9. Où avez-vous

7.

10. J'ai mis vos livres sur votre table ou

sur une de vos chaises. 11. Mes crayons sont dans le tiroir. 1. My brother has lost his pencil and penknife. 2. They are not on his table. 3. They are in his pocket. 4. She has lost her pretty little watch. 5. They have often spoken to my friend and his brother. 6. She has lost her brother's

pencils and pens. 7. When did she find her handkerchief? 8. Who took (has taken) my ink? 9. Who put my books on the table? 10. Did they speak of my brother and sister? 11. Are your father and mother here? 12. Where are they? 13. Have you one, two, three, or four pencils? 14. Are they in your drawer?

Oral Drill.

1. Avez-vous vu les tables ou les chaises? 2. N'est-il pas ton frère ? 3. Où sont mes crayons?

votre mouchoir?

5. Est-il dans votre poche?

4. Où est

1. Did she lose her penknife to-day? 2. Where is it? 3. Isn't it in his pocket?

or yesterday?

4. Did you write a letter to-day

5. When did you find your book?

1 Notice the accent which distinguishes où, where, from ou, or, and also à to, at, from a, has. The accent does not affect the pronunciation

Lesson 11: Numeral Adjectives.

Il n'y a pas de rose sans épines. — There is no rose without a thorn.

cinq, five.

six, six.

sept, seven.
huit, eight.

neuf, nine.
dix, ten.

The final consonant of each of the above numerals is silent before a consonant or h aspirate of a word which they multiply; in all other cases, the final consonant is sounded. The p of sept is always silent.

1. Son ami a trois crayons et huit plumes sur sa table. 2. Il y a dix élèves dans la classe de mon frère. 3. Je ne suis pas debout, je suis assis. 4. Louise est aussi assise. 5. Il y a neuf salles de classe dans cette école. 6. Nous sommes à l'école; notre père et notre mère sont à la maison. 7. Il y a sur ma table un canif, une plume, deux crayons, six cahiers, et neuf grammaires. 8. Mes élèves ne sont pas debout, ils sont assis. 9. Y a-t-il onze ou douze élèves dans cette classe? 10. Avez-vous écrit sept ou huit lettres?

11. Êtes-vous à l'église ou à l'école ?

1. The pupils are in the class room. 2. The pupils of

my class are very tall. 3.

7.

His pupils are short. 4. There

5. The pupils are not seated. She is seated. 8. They (f.) are 10. Where are you? 12. Who is standing?

are ten books on my table.
6. They are standing.
seated.
11. Are you at home or at school?

9. Where is the class?

13. Are you my pupils?

am I?

16. Are there six, eight, or ten books on the table?

17. Is his father at school?

18. Where is he?

19. And

where is his mother to-day?

20. Is she at church?

Lesson 12: Ordinal Numbers.

Les petits ruisseaux font les grandes rivières. — Great oaks from little

With the exception of premier (first) and second (second), an ordinal number is formed by adding -ième to the cardinal number. In adding ième to form the ordinal, drop final -e of the cardinal, insert u after q, and change f to v: quatre, quatrième; cinq, cinquième; neuf, neuvième.

Before huit or huitième, onze or onzième, l' is never used for le or la, and final consonants are never linked: le huitième mot; la onzième leçon ; les onze livres.

la leçon, the lesson.

la phrase, the sentence.

un mot, a word.

Vocabulary.

préparé, prepared.

un cahier, a notebook.

Exercise.

1. Avez-vous écrit le onzième thème hier?

2. Nous avons

3. La

écrit le onzième thème hier et le douzième aujourd'hui. onzième leçon est très facile. 4. Y a-t-il dix salles de classe 5. Mes élèves ont écrit leurs phrases dans 6. Il y a neuf mots dans la cinquième phrase.

dans son école ?

leurs cahiers.

1 Literally, Little brooks make great rivers.

7. Y a-t-il onze ou douze élèves dans votre classe?

élèves sont assis, et trois sont debout. lettres à sa mère et six à son père.

montres à ses amis.

8. Huit

9. Il a écrit dix 10. Il a vendu sept

1. The eleventh lesson is an easy one. 2. The lessons are not often difficult. 3. No, they are always very easy. 4. There are five letters in the word élève. 5. There are twelve pupils in his class. 6. Have you written the eleventh exercise? 7. Have you written the twelfth to-day? 8. Who has written the sentences in his notebook?

wrote your exercises? tence? 11. Who is closed their grammars? lesson ?

9. Who 10. Who has written the first senstanding? 12. Have the pupils 13. Have they prepared their

Oral Drill.

1. Êtes-vous à l'école ou à la maison ? 2. Avez-vous écrit cinq ou six lettres? 3. Qu'avez-vous écrit aujourd'hui ? 4. Son père est-il à l'école ? 5. Où est-il ? 6. Avezvous préparé votre exercice? 7. Où avez-vous mis mes huit livres ? 8. Qui a écrit la onzième phrase? 9. Avezvous écrit les phrases dans votre cahier? 10. Pourquoi n'avez-vous pas préparé la leçon?

Lesson 13: Contraction of à and Definite Article.

Au royaume des aveugles les borgnes sont rois.

In the realm of the

blind the one-eyed are kings.

The preposition à and the definite article contract as follows: 1

au before a masculine noun beginning with a consonant 'or

aspirate h.

à la before a feminine noun beginning with a consonant or

aspirate h.

à l' before a masculine or feminine noun beginning with a

vowel or mute h.

aux before a plural noun.