7. Nobody has bought anything be 8. Those ladies are always well

much business to-day. cause everything is so dear. dressed. 9. She laughed so much that I scolded her. 10. I think that poor man has always been so sad that he has never laughed. 11. He has no money at all, and he has scarcely any friends. 12. He has lost everything. 13. No more 1 noise, please. 14. Did you meet no one this morning? 15. No one. 16. What have you for me? 17. Nothing. 18. Let us not wait any longer, let us finish these sentences. 19. We have hardly begun.

Oral Drill.

1. Avez-vous bien dormi cette nuit? 2. A quelle heure êtes-vous arrivé ici ce matin? 3. N'avez-vous pas encore écrit cette lettre? 4. Qui l'a écrite pour vous? 5. L'a-t-il bien écrite? 6. Aimez-vous beaucoup les chiens? 7. En avez-vous un? 8. De quelle couleur est-il? 9. Parlezvous italien ou espagnol? 10. Parlez-vous bien (le) français ?

11. Henri parle-t-il anglais mieux que Jules? 12. Jeanne est-elle toujours bien mise? 13. Est-elle mieux mise que son amie, Mlle. Bonnard? 14. En été vous n'aurez plus de leçons, n'est-ce pas ? 15. Ne serez-vous pas tout à fait content?

1. What have you lost? 2. Who has lost nothing? 3. Is there anything in this drawer? 4. Who is knocking? 5. What were you doing a moment ago? 6. Who laughed just now? 7. Where shall you spend the night? 8. Whom do you see in the street? 9. Don't you see anybody? 10. Have you entirely finished your exercise? 11. Are there no more sentences? 12. He has said nothing; he has seen nobody; he has done well. thing; they have finally seen seen everything to-morrow. Haven't you met any one?

13. They have seen everyeverything; they will have 14. Have you met no one? 15. There is not; there was no

1 See footnote 2, page 109.

longer anything; there will be nobody. thing? Who has lost everything? anything; he has not lost everything. just now; nothing has happened to-day.

16. Has he lost any. 17. He has not lost 18. Nobody came

Lesson 59: Idioms with Avoir.

De la coupe aux lèvres, il y a loin. There's many a slip 'twixt the cup

and the lip.

The following idioms have avoir in French where the verb to be is used in English.

avoir chaud, to be warm.
avoir froid, to be cold.
avoir faim, to be hungry.
avoir peur, to be afraid.
avoir raison, to be right.
avoir tort, to be wrong.

avoir soif, to be thirsty.

avoir sommeil, to be sleepy.
avoir honte, to be ashamed.

avoir besoin (de), to need.

avoir l'intention (de), to intend.

avoir mal à, to have a pain in, to ache.

In these expressions bien is generally used for very or quite: vous avez bien raison, il a bien peur.

Qu'avez-vous ? What is the matter with you?

Je n'ai rien, nothing is the matter with me.

Il a quelque chose, something ails him.

Recall the idiomatic use of avoir in asking or stating a person's age (Lesson 52).

Il a trente ans, et son frère en a vingt-cinq, he is thirty, and his brother is twenty-five.

In speaking of parts of the body, the definite article is ordinarily used for my, his, her, etc., if the possessor is the subject of the sentence.

Il a le bras cassé, his arm is broken. Elle a les yeux bleus, she has blue eyes. Montrez-moi la main droite, show me your right hand.

With mal, froid, and chaud, the person spoken of is made the subject of avoir.

Il a mal au bras, his arm is sore, or aches.

J'ai bien froid aux mains, my hands are very cold.

1. N'avez-vous pas trop chaud si près du feu ? 2. J'avais froid tout à l'heure, mais maintenant j'ai trop chaud. 3. Vous avez sommeil, n'est-ce pas ? 4. Vous avez raison, monsieur, j'ai bien sommeil. 5. Saviez-vous qu'il avait perdu le bras gauche ? 6. Qu'avez-vous ce matin? 7. J'ai mal à la tête. 8. Vous avez faim, peut-être. 9. Non, monsieur, j'ai trop mangé. 10. Donnez-moi la main droite. 11. Avez-vous l'intention de revenir demain ? 12. Qu'y a-t-il ? 13. Rien. 14. Elle a tort. 15. N'importe. froid aux mains. 17. Elle a les yeux noirs. et le pied sont des parties du corps. parce qu'il a mal à la gorge.

16. Ils ont

18. Le coude, le genou,

19. Il ne parle plus,.

1. His eyes hurt him. 2. That old man has only one arm. 3. He lost one when he was young. 4. You are wrong, I

think. 5. The elbow and the wrist are parts of the arm. 6. Of what are you afraid? 7. I am not afraid of anything. 8. We intend to go to the seashore next summer.

9. How

many fingers have we?

10. My knee aches.

11.

Give me

your hand.

12. Which one,

- the right or the left?

13. In.

winter my feet are always cold. he is not ashamed of his conduct.

14. He has acted badly and 15. No matter. 16. We

are cold and hungry. 17. Tell me what is the matter with him. 18. Nothing is the matter with him. 19. She has blue eyes and brown hair. 20. What a beautiful face!

Oral Drill.

2. A-t-on plus d'yeux que

1. Combien d'oreilles a-t-on ? d'oreilles? 3. Comment ce pauvre garçon a-t-il cassé sa montre ? 4. Ce vieux soldat a perdu la jambe gauche, n'est-ce pas ? 5. Jean a-t-il mal aux dents? 6. Pourquoi ne va-t-il pas chez le dentiste ? 7. Avez-vous l'intention de lire le livre français que je vous ai prêté ? 8. Ne l'avez-vous pas encore lu? 9. N'avez-vous pas honte ? 10. Fait-il trop 11. Avez-vous froid aux pieds? 12. Qu'est-ce 13. N'y a-t-il rien? 14. Nommez dix parties 15. Nommez plusieurs autres parties du corps.

froid ici? qu'il y a? de la tête.

1. Are your ears cold? too warm in this room? 4. What is the matter with you? 5. Have you the toothache? 6. Do you need this pencil? 7. Have you one? 8. Whose is this one? 9. Who is thirsty? 10. Where are your teeth? sore throat? 12. Is anything the matter with you? 13. Am I right or wrong? 14. Are you always right? 15. Has he blue eyes or brown?

2. Is it cold to-day? 3. Is it

11. Have you a

Lesson 60: The Conditional Mode.

Si jeunesse savait, si vieillesse pouvait. If youth but knew, and age but could.

The present conditional of most verbs may be formed by adding -ais to the infinitive. The first person conditional of any French verb is the first person of the future with s added. The endings are just the same as those of the imperfect.

The conditional does not denote a condition, but the conclusion to a condition. Neither the future nor the conditional is used after si1 (if), except in the sense of whether.

Je ne sais pas s'il réussira, I do not know whether he will succeed.

Je ne savais pas s'il réussirait, I did not know whether he would succeed.

Examine the following examples of conditional sentences:

CONDITION.

Si vous êtes ici demain,

If you are here to-morrow,
If you will be here to-morrow,

Si vous étiez ici maintenant,

If you were here now,

Si vous restiez ici,
If you stayed here,
If you would stay here,
If you were to stay here,

Si vous étiez resté ici,

If you had stayed here,

CONCLUSION.

je serai content.
I shall be glad.

je serais content.
I should be glad.

j'aurais été content.

I should have been glad.

i is elided in si only when followed by il or ils: s'il est, s'ils sont.