from the Dictionary of the Royal Academy, or from the most approved writers. After a Copious Praxis, the whole closes with a few Elegant Extracts, from the most approved and esteemed productions of the best French Poets, for the use of the Proficient, and well adapted for the Adept. Finally, to make the pupil feel the foundation on which he stands, to furnish him with the armor necessary to vanquish easily all difficulties, which may obstruct his way, and, in fine, to encourage him to the fearless escalade, will, it is thought, be found, on experiment, to have been the end, the aim, and the successful achievement of the AUTHOR. PORTLAND, JANUARY, 1848. . FRENCH COURSE. INTRODUCTION. FRENCH ALPHABET. TAE French Alphabet contains twenty-five letters, which are divided into Vowels and Consonants. The Vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and y; the remainder are Consonants. PRONUNCIATION OF THE FRENCH LETTERS. ef jay ahsh ell emm enn 0 P Q R S T U V X Y Z ku * heiress tay vay eeks e grec zed ACCENTUATION: There are three accents, viz: the acute, the grave, and the circumflex. The acute (?) never placed but on e, as in bonté. The grave () placed over a, e, u, as in these adverbs : là, très, où. The circumflex (^) is placed over the long vowels, as, apôtre, le vôlre, &c. THE DIÆRESIS. The name diæresis (TM) is given to two points placed over the vowels ë, ï, ü, to show that these letters must be pronounced without the vowel which precedes them; as haïr, aïeul, naïf, ambiguë, aiguë, &c. CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMBERS. { CARDINAL CARDINAL ORDINAL NUMBER. NUMBER. NUMBER 70 70th S deuxième, dix dixième 2 deux 20 71st 3 trois troisième 30 71 onze onzième 4 quatre quatrième 4th soixante- soixante 720 5 cinq cinquième 5th 72 3 douze, douzième ) 6 six sixième 6th &c. 7. sept septième 7th quatre- Squatre8 huit 80th huitième 8th 80 vingt vingtième 9 neuf neuvième 9th quatre- quatre10 dix dixième 10th 81st 11 onze onzième Ilth &c. unieme 12 douze douzième 121b quatre- quatre13 treize treizième 13th 90 vingt- vingt- 90th 14 quatorze quatorzième 14th dix dixième 15 quinze quinzième 15th quatre- quatre16 seize seizième 16th 91 vingt- vingt 91st 17 dix-sept dix-septième 17th onze onzième 18 dix-huit dix-huitième 18110 100 cent centième 100th 19 dix-neuf dix-neuvième 19th cent20 vingt vingtième 20th 101 S cent-un, unième, 101st 21 vingt-et-un vingt-et &c. S deux S deux- cents vingt22 vingt-deux centième 1000 mille millième trentième 30 trente 30th 311 s trente-et-trente-un- ? 31st deux deuxun, &c. ! ième 2000 mille, millième, 40 quarante quarantième 40th &c. &c. 41 Squarante- Squaranteet-un unième dix mille 50 cinquante cinquantièmé 50th millième 51 s cinquante- mille GO soixante soixantième 160th millionfois Teme 61 S soixante- soixante 61st mille et-un uvième &c. } deux-ième} 220 200th 1000th 2000th 10.00 Oth millonth 41st S dix cinquante-2 51st 1,000,000 10,000 REMARKS. The ordinal numbers are formed from the cardinal by adding ième ; as, deux, deuxième ; trois, troisième, &c. The cardinal numbers are used instead of the ordinal numbers, when mentioning the day of the month ; except, le premier du mois, the first of the month. The cardinal numbers are also employed in French after the christian name of a sovereign ; except Philippe premier, Philip the first, &c. Vingt and cent are the only cardinal numbers which take the mark of the plural, as follows: Vingt and cent in the plural take 8:-quatre-vingts sol dats, eighty soldiers; trois cents chevaux, three hundred horses ; ils sont quatre-vingts, they are eighty ; il y en a deux cents, there are two hundred (of them.) EXCEPTION. Vingt and cent, although in the plural, do not take s when followed by another number : quatre-vingt cinq soldats, eighty-five soldiers; trois cent dix chevaux, three hundred and ten horses. Vingt and cent, employed for vingtième, centième, remain invariable, because they thus qualify a substantive singular, expressed or understood : chapitre quatre-vingt, chapter eighty ; page deux cent, page two hundred; en l'an mil-sept-cent quatre-vingt, in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty; en mil-huit-cent, in one thousand and eight hundred ; that is, chapitre quatre-vingtième, eightieth chapter ; page deux centième, page two hundredth ; en l'an mil-sept-cent quatre-vingtième, in the one thousand seven hundred and eightieth year; en l'an mil-huit centième, in the one thousand eight hundredth year. Mille never takes s in the plural, and we say trois mille, dix mille, &c. When speaking of the christian era, we say l'an mil huit cent, and never l'an mille. Onze and une are pronounced as if they were written with an h aspirated ; thus we say, le onze, au onze, sur les: onze heures, sur les une heure. we had you had PLUPERFECT, OR COMPOUND OF THE IMPERFECT. j'avais I had, or did have j'avais I had tu avais thou hadst, or didst have tu avais thou hadst il avait he had, or did have il avait he had eu had nous avions we had, or did have nous avions vous aviez you had, or did have vous aviez ils avaient ihey had, or did have lils avaient they had PRETERIT ANTERIOR, OR COMPOUND PRETERIT DEFINITE. OF THE PRETERIT. j'eus I had I had thou hadst il eut he had il eut he had eu had nous eûmes nous eûmes vous eûtes vous eûtes ils eurent ils eurent we had you had they had we had you had they had FUTURE ANTERIOR, OR COMPOUND OF THE FUTURE. j'aurai I shall, or will j'aurai ( I shall, or will? have have tu auras thou shalt, or tu auras thou shalt, or will have wilt have Shad he shall have nous aurons we shall have nous aurons we shall have vous aurez you shall have vous aurez you shall have ils auront they shall have | ils auront they shall have eu il aura CONDITIONAL. PRESENT PAST, OR COMPOUND OF THE CONDITIONAL. j'aurais I should, could, I j'aurais (I should, would,? or would have or could have tu aurais thou shouldst have tu aurais thou shouldst have il aurait he should have il aurait eu he should have nous aurions we should have nous aurions we should have vous auriez you should have vous auriez you should have ils auraient they should have | ils auraient they should have IMPERATIVE. (that PRESENT. PRETERIT, OR COMPOUND OF THE PRESENT. que* that que* j'aie I may, or can have j'aie tu aies thou mayst have tu aies thou mayst have il ait he may have il ait eu he may have nous ayons we may have nous ayons we may have vous ayez you may have vous ayez you may have ils aient they may have ils aient have They may |
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