both houses of parliament made the murder of the hostages a matter of inquiry. Sir James Mackintosh and Mr. Wilberforce appealed to lord Castlereagh, to put a stop to such horrors. The minister replied, that "the gentlemen could not be so quixotic, as to wish him to interfere in the internal administration of the Turkish empire." But if the British and other powerful cabinets do actually uphold a decayed barbarous empire, do they not take upon themselves the responsibility of its inhuman acts?

No success, however brilliant, could be considered as a compensation for the destruction of a spot like Scio. The Greeks, however, had soon an opportunity of striking a salutary terror into their oppressors. The gallant flotillas of Hydra, Spezzia, and Ipsara, crowded about the shores of Scio, and notwithstanding the advanced period of the season, made it unsafe for the Capudan Pacha to traverse the sea to the Morea, where he had been so long expected. At length, on the tenth of June, a gallant company of Ispariots, having prepared two fire ships took advantage of the evening, sailed into the midst of the Turkish squadron, and aiming at the admiral's vessel, and another of the largest three-deckers in the squadron, grappled to them. The admiral's was soon on fire. No Turkish commander's head sits firmly on his shoulders after a surprise like this, and the Capudan Pacha refused to escape from his burning vessel. His officers forced him into a boat; but he was soon crushed by the falling of a spar from the colossal vessel which had just blown up. Her crew of more than a thousand perished. The Capudan Pacha was landed on the island, he had so lately drenched in blood, and expired in a few hours.

The news of this event produced a great commotion at the capital, where the elation felt at the pacific prospect of affairs with Russia gave new ferocity to the feelings produced by the destruction of the admiral's ship. Constantinople was already distracted with the feuds existing in the divan, where Halet Effendi, an intriguing favourite of the Sultan, was extremely unpopular with the other high officers, and odious to the Janissaries. To hold the latter in check, the Porte had found it necessary to keep a very strong body of Asiatic troops from the north eastern provinces of the empire, encamped on the Bosphorus. Notwithstanding this precaution, toward the close of July, the Janissaries broke out into open revolt, and Ibrahim Pacha, with his Asiatic host, was called into the field against them. A furious contest raged for some time in the suburbs and streets of Constantinople; and the avenging angel of the Greeks caused the scimetar of their oppressors to drink deep of Ottoman blood. Many of the Janissaries were killed in arms; more were taken prisoners. For these last the gallows was too slow, and the place of execution too far. They were tied together in gangs, and thrown into the Bosphorus.

After some partial actions in Epirus and Thessaly, in which, though the Turks kept the field by force of superior numbers,

they were nevertheless detained and harassed till near the end of July, Churshid, informed of the appearance of the combined Turkish fleet, in the Ionian Sea, moved downward toward the Morea. The Greeks had nothing to oppose to this concentrated movement. No small portion of their troops were occupied either in garrisoning the strong holds in their own possession, or in investing those of the Turks; the landing of a powerful force at Patras produced a necessary division in their army, and Churshid was accordingly able to penetrate Livadia and the Isthmus, and enter the Morea. Corinth fell into the hands of the Turks-the Greeks raised the siege of Patras, and retreated with precipitation, and the Smyrna Spectator and the Austrian Observer began to sing pæans over the ruins of the cause of Greece. Till the middle of August, the condition of the patriots might indeed be considered as desperate; for in addition to all their other dangers were those, which arose from discord in their own councils. But the extremity of danger, to which they were exposed, awakened them to a sense of the necessity of union, if indeed the rumours of their dissentions are not like a thousand other reports to their discredit, to be reckoned among the fabrications of their enemies. The Turkish army was able to penetrate no further than Argos. There they were met and vanquished by the Grecian forces, and the Turkish commander, the lieutenant of Churshid, was among the slain. From this moment, affairs wore a totally different aspect. The mountaineers, who had supported the cause of liberty during the whole summer, in the environs of Thessaly, though unable to stop the march of Churshid, were in full motion from the time that he had crossed into Livadia. To protect the important city of Larissa and other strong towns in Thessaly, Churshid was soon obliged to make a hasty retreat from the Morea. Scarce was this retrograde movement known, than the Albanians in his army-a race that attaches itself to success-deserted his standards by thousands, and this terrible chief, who had marched down on Corinth six weeks before as an irresistible conqueror, was scarcely able to cut his way back to Thessaly. Here for three months he was employed in collecting the wrecks of his army, scattered in this long meditated and most fruitless campaign, till the year closed upon him in a manner, which he hardly anticipated, when, at its beginning, he betrayed Ali Pacha into the assassin's hand.

The important islands of Cyprus and Candia were the scene of renewed carnage and of hard struggles, in the course of the year, but the limits of a newspaper do not permit us to enter into a detail of them. In Cyprus the Turkish population being to the Greek as three to one, it was wholly out of the power of the latter to make any vigorous resistance. The Christians were accordingly massacred en masse. The English Annual Register, an authority by no means partial to the revolutionary cause, states

that in the three cities of Baffo, Amathus, and Famagusta, in Cyprus, 25,000 Greeks were massacred; that seventy-four villages, with a population of 18,000 souls were desolated, and that not a Christian church was left standing in the space of forty square leagues. In Candia, the Christians gained ground, and the Turks were kept confined to their fortress.

The provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia became comparatively tranquil in the course of this year. All prospect of a war with the Russian emperor disappeared, although corps of observation remained in Bessarabia, the Russian forces were mostly withdrawn, and in the same degree the provinces were evacuated by the Turks. In the course of the summer two native boyards were named Hospodars, Ghiki for Wallachia, and Stourdza for Moldavia, and the forms of civil government were reestablished. Then, however, began the second most terrible season of an unsuccessful revolution, the horrors of what is most falsely called an amnesty; when every thing is remembered, every thing is raked up, and every thing cooly and deliberately punished. Luckily, the Turkish lictors began too soon, and the greater part of those, who had fled to the Austrian territory, preferred to stay there, inhospitably as they were treated, to incurring the hazard of a Turkish amnesty. In appointing native boyards to the dignity of Hospodar, the Porte declared its purpose of never again raising a Greek to that dignity.

Meantime the Grecian marine was raising itself to a glory destined, we trust, to outlive the memory of the Ottoman throne. The Capudan Pacha, who was appointed after the destruction by the fire ships off Scio, died, in a few days, of the plague. A third for this year was accordingly named, and under him the Ottoman squadron made sail for the Dardanelles. The Grecian fleet pursued it as far as Tenedos, where the Capudan Pacha came to anchor, till he could receive from Constantinople the firman permitting him to pass the Dardanelles. This piece of etiquette cost the admiral dear. He would have done better, as our captain Bainbridge did, to give the commandant at Chanakalessi a roaring salute and pass on, under cover of the smoke. While the Capudan Pacha was at anchor between Tenedos and the coast of Troy, the same gallant Ipsariots, who had destroyed the admiral's ship off Scio, claimed the privilege of repeating the attempt. At seven o'clock in the evening, they sailed in two fireships, disguised as Turkish vessels, and seemingly chased by the Grecian cruisers. The fireships accordingly were allowed to approach. When their character could no longer be concealed, they fastened upon the admiral and another ship of the line, and so resolute were the brave Greeks to effect their object, that their leader threw in live coals with his bare hands into the fireship, which had grappled to the admiral, to set it on fire the sooner. It shortly exploded, and almost all the crew were destroyed. Whether the

Capudan Pacha escaped is uncertain. Most of the accounts assert that he perished: some that he escaped, but was immediately displaced on his arrival at Constantinople. Not one Greek perished in this or the similar exploit in June.

This event, and a decree ordering all plate and jewels to be brought to the treasury, raised a revolt at Constantinople. Fires were continually occurring of the most destructive character, the Janissaries rose in a body, till at last the sultan was forced to yield, and Halet was deposed. As the Janissaries still clamoured, his head was taken, but out of tenderness to the sultan's feelings, instead of nailing it to the gates of the seraglio, it was exposed in a silver plate. As Churshid had been an officer in high standing with Halet, as he was unsuccessful in the campaign, and as he was reputed to have sequestered to his own use a part of the treasures of Ali Pacha, an officer was sent down to Larissa to him, with a bowstring. Such was the end of the best general in the Ottoman service; who had been selected to carry on the war with Ali Pacha, and who alone, of all the Turkish generals who have appeared in this war, displayed the requisite energy, patience, and wariness for such a service. We forgot to observe that, in the course of this year, the Christian hostages, which Ali Pacha had taken in the beginning of the war and kept confined in an island in the lake of Yanina were exchanged by Churshid for his harem, which fell into the hands of the Greeks at the capture of Tripolizza. In the course of this year, Athens, and at the end of it, Napoli de Romani, the most important fortress in Greece, fell into the hands of the Greeks. More than four hundred pieces of cannon were mounted in the latter.

The accounts, which we have from Greece, for the year 1823 come down only to the beginning of September; but they bring the campaign by land to a close. It is not probable from the position in which these accounts leave the Turkish armies, that any further attempt to take the field in force will be made this year. At sea, it is probable we shall yet receive interesting accounts of attempts, if not of successes, on the part of the Greeks.

At the commencement of the present year, the Turks were reduced, in the Morea, to the four fortresses of Coron, and Modon, (which are insignificant,) Patras, and the castle of Corinth, which are important. When the army of Churshid, the commander-inchief, entered the Morea, the last year, a very powerful Turkish garrison was thrown into the castle of Corinth, which stands on a lofty hill, at the distance of about two miles from the town. Finding their numbers too great for this confined position, and wholly cut off from all communication with the surrounding country, a considerable part of the Turkish garrison made an attempt to cut their way to Patras. They were surprised in a defile, about half way between the two places, and refusing the terms of capitulation offered them, they were wholly destroyed. At a sub

quent period an attempt was made to throw supplies into the fortress, previously to the arrival of the Turkish fleet for that purpose. To this end a large quantity of provisions was landed on the beach by neutral vessels chartered by the Turkish commandant of Patras. A party of Turks from the garrison attempted to descend the hill, to take possession of the provisions; but being deterred by the appearance of a numerous Greek force, they retreated to the castle, while all the provisions fell into the hands of the Greeks.

The campaign of the Turks this year was projected on the same plan with that of the last, but with more extensive combinations. From the head quarters at Larissa, in Thessaly, the commanderin-chief was to collect an army to move downward on the Morea. He was to be supported by the Pacha of Negropont, who was to cross to the adjacent continent, and having ravaged Attica, meet the Seraskier at the isthmus of Corinth. The Pacha of Scutari was to descend with the long-expected supplies from Upper Albania; and passing through the mountains of Agrapha, form a junction with the Pacha in Livadia; while a third auxiliary corps under Omer Bey Brioni and Jussuf Pacha, after having been reinforced by a body of troops, to be landed by the Capudan Pacha at Condyla, in Acarnania, was to cross into Livadia and there meet the combined forces, which were to move down into the Morea, at the moment when the fleet of the Capudan Pacha, having supplied the fortresses of Carysto, (in Negropont,) of Coron, Modon, and Patras, should appear in the gulf of Lepanto, to support all these movements. The reader, who will be at the pains to compare this sketch with a map, will see how skilfully it was devised. The Oriental Spectator in alluding to it, exclaims in triumph, and in capital letters L'HEURE FATALE DES GRECS EST PRES DE SONNer. Unfortunately for the prediction of this enlightened editor, no one part of this plan succeeded. We proceed briefly to sketch the mode of its failure.

At the close of the year 1822, we have seen that Churshid Pacha, the Seraskier, had met the usual fate of an unsuccessful Turkish general. His place was supplied by Djelal Bey, Pacha of Bosnia, who died immediately on his arrival at the head quarters, and not without strong suspicions of being poisoned. He was succeeded by Mehmed Ali, kraija or lieutenant of Churshid at the time of the death of the latter. This change of the persons of the commander-in-chief, was doubtless among the causes which retarded the operations of the campaign.

The first military attempt was on the fortress of Misolunghi, a strong town in the possession of the Greeks, at the entrance of the gulf of Patras. The Turks had already besieged it at the close of the year 1822; and at the beginning of this year, they determined to attempt it by assault. On the sixth of January, it was attacked by the Turkish army with great vigour, and the first line