PART III.

TECHNICAL WORDS AND THE LANGUAGE OF LITERATURE.

LESSON I.

ARITHMETIC.

Arithmetic is the Science of Numbers;
It also includes the art of computation;
It is one of the branches of mathematics;
It leads up to algebra and geometry.

The method of expressing numbers is notation.
The common notations are the Roman and the Arabic.
Numeration is a method of reading numbers;

It also designates places and periods.

In addition, two or more numbers are made into one. Addition is a process of aggregation.

The result sought is the sum or amount.

The sum in value is equal to the numbers taken.
In addition, numbers may be abstract or concrete.
Rapidity in adding comes from practice.

LESSON II.

In subtraction one number is taken from another;
The number diminished is the minuend;

The number taken away is the subtrahend;

The result is the difference or remainder.

Subtraction is a process of segregation. Multiplication increases a number by repetitions of itself.

The number taken is the multiplicand;

The number of times it is taken is the multiplier;
The answer sought is the product.

Together the multiplicand and multiplier are factors.

LESSON III.

Division separates into distinct parts;
It also measures one number by another;
The dividend is the number divided;
The divisor represents times or parts;
The answer sought is the quotient.
A multiple exactly contains a number.

A unit divided into equal parts produces fractions.
Fractions are expressed by a numerator and a denomi-

nator.

Compound fractions are indicated multiplications.
Complex fractions are indicated divisions.

LESSON IV.

Decimals arise from dividing a unit by ten.

Denominate numbers express different denominations.

The weighing of commerce is by avoirdupois weight.
Pharmaceutists use apothecaries' weight.

Gold and jewels are weighed by Troy weight.
The metric unit of extension is the meter;
The unit for measuring capacity is the liter;
The basis for weight measurement is the gram.
Reduction changes forms, but not values.
Duodecimals are divisions into twelfths.

LESSON V.

Mensuration is the measuring of space or extension. Ratio is expressed by the quotient in division.

Numbers are in proportion when ratios are equal. Interest is an allowance made for the use of money.

Unlawful interest is denominated usury.

Discount is allowance for payments not yet due.

Brokerage and commissions are allowances for selling

property;

They also apply to buying and to collections.

The person who sells for another is a broker or agent.

The consignment is property sent to be sold.

LESSON VI.

GEOGRAPHY.

Geography is a discourse about the earth's surface;
It has three parts-astronomical, physical, and civil;
The first shows the earth's relation to the sun,
And is sometimes called mathematical geography;
It describes the earth's diurnal and annual motions;
It shows the inclination of the earth's axis,

And the places of the equator and the tropics;

It explains the horizon, zodiac, and polar circles;
It describes the torrid, temperate, and frigid zones,
And gives the time of the equinoxes and solstices;
It explains measurement by latitude and longitude,
And their divisions by parallels and meridians.

LESSON VII.

Physical geography deals immediately with surface,
And the distribution of oceans and continents.
It describes the contours and reliefs of land,
And river-basins, water-sheds, and drainage;
It shows atmospheric conditions that make climate,
And describes monsoons, cyclones, and tornadoes;
It explains the phenomena of the simoom,
And the evaporation and condensation of water;
It deals with vegetable organization, touching botany,
And with animals, preparing the way for zoölogy.

sound roadstead flord estuary archipelago

Gibraltar commands the Mediterranean's entrance. Behring Strait leads into the Arctic Ocean.

The Brahmapootra and Ganges drain the Himalaya slopes.

Kamtchatka lies east of the Sea of Okhotsk.

The Esquimaux inhabit Greenland and adjacent lands.

Guadalajara and Guanajuato are Mexican cities.

Yokohama and Nagasaki are Japanese ports.