ACATERY, or ACATRY, anciently an officer of the king's household, designed for a check between the clerks of the kitchen and the purveyors

ACATHARSIA, in medicine, an impurity of the blood or humours.

ACATHISTUS, in ecclesiastical affairs, a hymn anciently sung in the Greek church, akalisos, i.e. without sitting, on the Saturday of the fourth week in Lent, in honour of the Virgin, for having thrice delivered Constantinople from the barbarous nations.

ACATIUM, in ancient navigation, a boat or pinnace used for military purposes. Also the large sail placed in the middle of a ship. Poll. Onon. ii. 81.

ACATLAN, the name of six small native settlements, in New Mexico.

ACAULIS, or ACAULOUS, in botany, terms applied to plants, the flowers of which have no pedicle or stalk to support them, but rest immediately on the ground, such as the carline thistle, &c.

ACAYUCA, a town and district of New Mexico, on the coast of the North Sea, 100 leagues S. E. of Mexico. Also a settlement in New Spain, containing 100 Indian families.

ACBAR, in mythology, an idol of enormous size, which the Arabians are said formerly to have worshipped; an idolatry from which, with difficulty, Mahomet restrained them.

ACBAR. See AKBAR.

ACBERPOOR, or ACBERPURA, a town in the province of Oude, Hindostan, and one of the remaining possessions of the Nabob. It stands in N. lat. 26°, 27'. and E. long. 82°, 35'. South of Fyzabad about 30 miles.

ACBERPOOR, also called AJETMUL, a town in the district of Etaweh, province of Agra, Hindostan, 25 miles N. of Caunpoor. N. lat. 26°, 23. E. long. 82°, 30'.

ACCA LAURENTIA, the nurse of Romulus and Remus, and wife of Faustulus, the shepherd of king Numitor. She was called Lupa from her loose character; whence the fable of their king being suckled by a wolf. To her honour the Accalia were dedicated; though some writers suppose them to have been instituted in honour of another courtezan. Plut. Quæst. Rom. in Romul. This feast was also called Laurentalia.

ACCA, (St.) bishop of Hagustaldt, or Hexam, in Northumberland, in 709. He ornamented his cathedral magnificently, and erected a library. Acca was famous for his skill in church music, and wrote Passiones Sanctorum, and Pro illustrandis Scripturis, ad Bedam. He died in 740, having enjoyed the see of Hexam 31 years.

ACCABA, a chain of mountains between Palestine and Arabia Petræa, N. E of the Red Sea, immediately by the Mount Hor of Scripture, northward. It is a range which the Mecca pilgrims are constantly passing, and on which many of their camels are lost. Also a fortress of this neighbourhood, 150 miles E. S. E. of Suez. It was the Ezion-geber of Scripture, used by Solomon; and the Berenice of Ptolemy.

ACCADEMIA, among musicians, a concert. ACCAPITARE, ACCAPTARE, or ACAPTARE, from ad, to, and caput, the head, because vassals

own their lords for their head. In old law, the act of becoming vassal to a lord, or yielding homage to him. Accapitum, or Accapitamentum was the money paid by the vassal.

ACCAWAW, INDIANS, one of the aboriginal tribes of Guiana. They lived amicably with the Dutch settlers; but were much addicted to the use of vegetable poisons on their arrows and spears. ACCEDAS AD CURIAM in the English law, a writ of the court of Chancery, where a man has received, or fears, false judgment in an infe

rior court.

ACCEDAS AD VICE-COMITEM. a writ directed to the coroner, commanding him to deliver a writ to the sheriff, who having a Pone delivered to him, suppresses it.

ACCEDONES, or ACCENDONES, from accedo, to accede. In Roman antiquity, a species of gladiators, who excited or animated the combatants in the public games. ACCEDE, v. ACCESS', ACCESS ARINESS, ACCESS'ARY, or ACCESS'ORY, ACCESSIBLE, ACCESSION.

n. & adj.

Ad. cedo; to go to or towards, supposing a fixed point to which we are advancing; to come near to, or approach, in order to render assistance, or to confer a benefit. Hence, to assist, to agree to, to bestow a favour. Accession also signifies addition, increase.

Beside all this, he was ful greuously;
For vpon him he had an hote accesse,
That day by day him shooke full petously.

Chaucer, of the Blacke Knight.
When we are wrong'd, and would unfold our griefs;
We are deny'd access unto his person,
Ev'n by those men that most have done us wrong.
Shakspeare.

For, as relapses make diseases More desperate than their first accesses. The reputation

Hudibras.

Of virtuous actions past, if not kept up
With an access and fresh supply of new ones,
Is lost and soon forgotten.
Denham's Sophy.

He, (the Earl of Strafford,) had taken upon him the government of Hull, without any apprehension or imagination that it would ever make him accessary to rebellion. Clarendon's History of Rebellion.

And here th' access a gloomy grove defends;
And here th' unnavigable lake extends;
O'er whose unhappy waters, void of light,
No bird presumes to steer his airy flight.

Dryven's Eneid, vi.

They go, commissioned to require a peace; And carry presents, to procure access.

Dryden's Eneid, viii. 209. And vain were reason, courage, learning; all, Till power accede; till Tudor's wild caprice Smile on their cause. Shenstone's Ruined Abbey. With longing eyes, and agony of mind, The sailors view their refuge left behind; Happy to bribe with Indies richest ore, A safe accession to that barren shore.

ACCELERATE, v. ACCELERA'TION, ACCELERATIVE. or quickness.

Falconer's Shipwreck. Ad: celero, celer, to hasten to; to move with increased speed

Take new beer, and put in some quantity of stale beer into it; and see whether it will not accelerate the clarification, by opening the body of the beer, whereby the grosser parts may fall down into lees. Bacon's Natural History, No. 307. By a skilful application of those notices, may be gained the accelerating and bettering of fruits, and the emptying of mines, at much more easy rates, than by the common methods. Glanville, Scepsis. If the rays endeavour to recede from the densest part of the vibration; they may be alternately accelerated and retarded, by the vibrations overtaking them. Newton's Optics.

Spices quicken the pulse, and accelerate the motion of the blood, and dissipate the fluids; from whence leanness, pains in the stomach, loathings, and fevers. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

The degrees of acceleration of motion, the gravitation of the air, the existence or non-existence of empty space, either coacervate or interspersed, and many the like, have taken up the thoughts and time of men in disputes concerning them.

Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Lo! from the dread immensity of space,
Returning, with accelerated course,
The rushing comet to the sun descends,
And, as he sinks below the shading earth,
With awful train projected o'er the heavens,
The guilty nations tremble.

Thomson's Autumn.

ACCELERANDE, in music, a direction to performers to quicken the time.

For ACCELERATION of the gravitation of bodies. See GRAVITY.

For ACCELERATION of the motion of compressed bodies. See DILATATION.

For ACCELERATION of the motion of pendulums. See MECHANICS and PENDULUM. For ACCELERATION of the motion of projec

tiles. See PROJECTILE.

ACCELERATION of the fixed stars, in astronomy, the difference between the revolution of the primum mobile, and the solar revolution; which has been computed at three minutes and 56 seconds.

ACCELERATION of a planet. The increase of its real diurnal motion, above its mean diurnal motion.

ACCELERATION of the moon, is a term used to express the increase of the moon's mean motion from the sun, compared with the diurnal motion of the earth. See ASTRONOMY.

ACCELERATORES URINE, in anatomy, muscles which serve for rejecting or expediting the passage of the urine. See ANATOMY.

ACCENDENTES, or ACCENSORES, in ecclesiastical writings, a lower order of ministers in the church of Rome, whose office is to light and trim the candles, or tapers.

ACCENDO, v. Ad: cendo. To set fire to; to ACCENSION. light up. Obsolete. ACCENSI, in the Roman armies, a reserve of soldiers, thus denominated, quia accensebantur, ad censum adjiciebantur. They were sometimes also called velites and velati, because they fought clothed but not in armour; sometimes adscripticii, and adscriptivi; sometimes rorarii. The accensi, Livy observes, were placed at the rear of the army, because little was expected from them; they were taken out of the fifth class of citizens. Also an inferior order of officers appointed to attend the Roman magistrates, whose office it was to call assemblies of the people, before the judges, and at the public games. They also used to cry the hour.

AC'CENT, n. & v. ACCENT'UAL, ACCENTUATION,

Ad: : cano, accino, accentum; to sing to; to sing in concert; to sound according to prescribed rules of utterance. Accentuation applies to the marks in books, directing the accent.

How many ages hence Shall this, our lofty scene, be acted o'er, In states unborn, and accents yet unknown! Shakspeare's Julius Cæsar. Winds! on your wings to heav'n her accents bear! Such words, as heav'n alone is fit to hear. Dry. Virg. past. 3.

The tender accent of a woman's cry Will pass unheard, will unregarded die; When the rough seamen's louder shouts prevail, When fair occasion shews the springing gale.

Prior

"Tis the clime of the east, 'tis the land of the sun, Can he smile on such deeds as his children have done?

Oh! wild as the accents of lovers' farewell Are the hearts which they bear, and the tales which they tell. Lord Byron's Bride of Abydos. ACCENT, among grammarians, is a certain mark or character placed over a syllable, to direct the stress of its pronunciation. We generally reckon three grammatical accents in ordinary use, all borrowed from the Greeks: viz. the acute accent ('), which shows when the tone of the voice is to be raised. The grave accent (), when the note or tone of the voice is to be depressed The circumflex accent (^), is composed of both the acute and grave, and points out a kind of undulation of the voice. The Latins have made the same use of these three accents.

ACCENTS, among the Hebrews, have a grammatical, a rhetorical, and musical effect: though the first and last seem, indeed, to be the same; both being comprised under the general name of tonic accents, because they give the proper tone to syllables; as the rhetorical accents are said to be euphonic, because they tend to make the pronunciation more sweet and agreeable. There are four euphonic accents, and 25 tonic; of which some are placed above, and others below the syllables; the Hebrew accents serving not only to regulate the risings and fallings of the voice, but also to distinguish the sections, periods, and numbers of periods, in a discourse; and to answer the

same purposes with the points in other languages. Their accents are divided into emperors, kings, dukes, &c. each bearing a title answerable to the importance of the distinction it makes. Their emperor rules over a whole phrase, and terminates the sense completely; answering to our point. Their king answers to our colon; and their duke to our comma. The king, however, occasionally becomes a duke, and the duke a king, as the phrases are more or less short. The management and combination of these accents differ in Hebrew poetry from what they are in prose. The use of the tonic or grammatical accents has been much controverted: some holding that they distinguish the sense; while others maintain that they are only intended to regulate the music, or singing; alleging that the Jews sing, rather than read, the Scriptures in their synagogues. The best supported opinion is, that they were invented about the sixth century, by the Jewish doctors of the school of Tiberias, called the Masso

retes.

ACCENTS, among the Greeks, now seen both in manuscripts and printed books, have occasioned no less dispute about their antiquity and use, than those of the Hebrews. Isaac Vossius endeavours to prove them of modern invention; others contend, that the right pronunciation of their language being natural to the Greeks, it was needless to mark it by accents in their writings; and that, they only began to make use of them so late as the period in which the Romans, being curious to learn the Greek tongue, sent their children to study at Athens; a little before Cicero's time. Wetstein, Greek professor at Basil, in a learned dissertation, endeavours to prove the Greek accents of an older standing. He owns that they were not always formed in the same manner by the ancients; but thinks that difference owing to the different pronunciation which obtained in the different parts of Greece. He brings several reasons à priori, for the use of accents, even in the earliest days: as, that they then wrote all in capital letters equidistant from each other, without any distinction either of words or phrases, which without accents could scarce be intelligible; and that accents were necessary to distinguish ambiguous words, and to point out their proper meaning; which he confirms from a dispute on a passage in Homer, mentioned by Aristotle in his Poetics, chap. v. Accordingly, he observes that the Syrians, who have tonic, but no distinctive accents, have yet invented certain points, placed either below or above the words, to show their mood, tense, person, or sense.

The Chinese are said to have but 330 spoken words in their language; but these being multiplied by the different accents or tones, which affect the vowels, furnish a language tolerably copious. Magalhon makes the language the easier to learn on this account. The Siamese are also observed to sing rather than talk. Their alphabet begins with six characters, all only equivalent to a K, but differently accented. For though in the pronunciation the accents are naturally on the vowels, yet they have some to diversify such of their consonants as are in other respects the same.

ACCENT, in music, is a certain enforcement of

particular sounds, whether by the voice or instruments, generally used at the beginning of bars. The ACCENTS OF SENTENCES seem to have been almost totally overlooked, while those of words have been studied most minutely; it is indeed remarkable, that all mankind seem to agree in lowering the voice at the end of a period, and elevating it in interrogations, and the like. See Bacon de Aug. Scient. vi. 1. and Elem. Crit. ii. ACCENTOR, in music, he that sings the leading part in a choir. ACCEPT', v. ACCEPTABLE, ACCEPTABLENESS, ACCEPTABILITY, ACCEPTABLY, ACCEPTANCE, ACCEPTATION, ACCEPT'ER, ACCEPTION, ACCEPTIVE, ACCIPIENT.

Ad: capio; accipio, acceptum, to take to, to take to one's self; to receive what is offered, generally with pleasure or satisfaction: sometimes merely expressing assent.

The same epithete in several places accepts sundry interpretations. Fuller's Worthies. What will God accept from us, if not prayers? Hall's Contemplations.

it

If it be little, he will accept it into grace and make bigger. Jeremy Taylor. Neither do ye kindle fire on my altar for nought. I have no pleasure in you, saith the Lord of hosts, neither will I accept an offering at your hand.

Malachi, i. 10. God is no respecter of persons; but, in every nation, he that feareth him, and worketh righteousness, is accepted with him. Acts x. 34, 35.

This is a faithful saying, and worthy of all acceptation, that Jesus Christ came into the world to save sinners. St. Paul, 1 Tim. iv. 15.

Do not omit thy prayers, for want of a good oratory; for, he that prayeth upon God's account, cares not what he suffers, so he be the friend of Christ; nor where nor when he prays, so he may do it freTaylor. quently, fervently, and acceptably.

By that acceptance of his sovereignty, they also accepted of his laws; why then should any other laws Spenser's State of Ireland. If he tells us his noble deeds, we must also tell him our noble acceptance of them.

now be used amongst them?

Shakspeare's Coriolanus. Thus I imbolden'd spake, and freedom us'd Permissive, and acceptance found.

ACCEPTANCE, in commerce, is the subscribing, signing, and making one's self debtor for the sum contained in a bill of exchange or other obligation. It is also applied in law, to such a receiving of rent as acknowledges a tenant, &c.

ACCEPTILATION, n. s. acceptilatio, Lat. A term of the civil law, importing the remission of a debt by an acquittance from the creditor, testifying the receipt of money which has never been paid.

ACCEPTOR, in commerce, the person who accepts a bill, and is bound to pay it.

ACCEPTORIUS MODIOLUS, in antiquities, the vessel employed in aqueducts for holding water, distinguished from the erogatonius, which was to deal it out.

ACCESSION, in law, is a method of acquiring property, by which, in things that have a close connection or dependence upon one another, the property of the principal thing draws after it the property of the accessory: Thus, the owner of a cow becomes likewise the owner of the calf. It sometimes likewise signifies consent or acquiescence.

ACCESSION, in medicine, denotes a fit, or return of some periodical disease. It is sometimes confounded with paroxysm: but they are different; an accession being the beginning of a disease, a paroxysm the height of it.

An ACCESSARY, in law, is of two kinds, i. e. an accessary before and after the fact. Accessories before the fact, are those who, though absent, yet procure, command, or encourage, another to commit a crime. Accessaries after the fact, those who receive or relieve the felon, knowing his felony. The latter are always considered as less criminal than the principal, (as in murder particularly,) the former equally so.

An ACCESSARY in felony shall have judgment of life and member, as well as the principal who did the felony; but not till the principal be first attainted, and convicted, or outlawed thereon. When the principal is pardoned without attainder, the accessary cannot be arraigned. Such was the law till lately; but now accessaries may be convicted without the principal. In the lowest and highest offences all are principals; as in riots, routs, forcible entries and other trespasses, which are the lowest offences. So also in the highest offence, which is high treason, there are no accessaries. It is the same as art and part in Scots law.

ACCESSORY NERVES, ACCESSORII, or PAR ACCESSORIUM WILLISII, so called from Dr. Willis, the discoverer; in anatomy, a pair of nerves, which, arising from the medulla in the vertebræ of the neck, ascend, and enter the skull, and pass out of it again with the par vagum, wrapped up in the same common integument; and after quitting them, are distributed into the muscles of the neck and shoulders. See ANATOMY.

ACCHO, a city of Galilee, on the coast of the Mediterranean, which formerly belonged to the tribe of Asher. It stood on the scite of the celebrated ACRE of ancient and modern times. See ACRE.

ACCI, or ACTI, in ancient geography, a town of Tarraconensis; supposed to be Guadix, to the east of the city of Granada, now greatly decayed. It is the Colonia Accitana of some repute among the Roman colonies. The people were called Gemellenses, because the colony was formed from the third and sixth legions.

ACCIACATURA, in music, is struck simultaneously with the whole harmony; and is thus opposed to the Appoggiatura. It is used with great effect in basses.

ACCIAIOLI, (Donata,) a man famous for his learning, and the honourable employments he possessed in Florence, his native country, in the 15th century, He wrote a Latin translation of

some of Plutarch's Lives; Commentaries on Aristotle's Ethics and Politics; and the life of Charlemagne. He was sent to France by the Florentines, to sue for succour from Louis XI. against Pope Sextus IV, but died on his journey at Milan. His body was carried to Florence, and buried in the church of the Carthusians. The small fortune he left his children is a proof of his probity and disinterestedness. His daughters, like those of Aristides, were married at the public expence, as an acknowledgment of his

services.

ACCIAIOLI, (ZANOBIO and JOHN,) were learned men of the same family, with the foregoing. The first was born at Florence, 1461; and patronized by Lorenzo the Magnificent, of whose son, when Leo X. he received the office of librarian to the Vatican. He published the Greek Epigrams of Politian; translations of Eusebius, Olympiodorus and Theodoret; and Orations, in praise of Naples and of Rome. He died in 1519. JOHN ACCIAIOLI was bred to the bar, at Florence, and lectured at Padua with great applause. He published Multa Doctissimorum Problematum Monumenta,' &c. and died at the close of the 16th century. AC'CIDENCE, n. ACCIDENT, ACCIDENTAL, ACCIDENTALLY.

Ad: cado, accedo, accidens, to fall to or at; to befall, to happen to; usually including surprise, chance, or unnecessary, that is, non-essential addition.

Thise cokes how they stamp, and strein, and grind, (And turnen substance into accident, To fulfill all thy likerous talent;-)

Chaucer, Pardonere's Tale.

If all the yeare were playing holidaies,
To sport, would be as tedious as to worke;
But when they seldom come, they wisht-for tome,
And nothing pleaseth but rare accidents.

Shakspeare's 1st Henry IV. p. 50, act i. sc. 2.
Thy sin's not accidental, but a trade.
Shakspeare's Measure for Measure.
So shall you hear

Of accidental judgments, casual slaughters;
Of deaths. put on by cunning and forc'd cause.
Shakspeare's Hamlet.

Look upon things of the most accidental and mutable nature; accidental, in their production; and mutable, in their continuance: yet God's prescience of them is as certain in him, as the memory of them

is, or can be in us.

South's Sermona.

ACCIDENS, in philosophy, denotes what does not follow from the nature of a thing, but from some accidental qualities thereof in which sense it stands opposed to per se, which denotes the nature and essence of a thing. Thus, fire is said to burn per se, or considered as fire, and not per accidens; as a piece of iron, though red hot, only burns per accidens, by a quality accidental to it, and not considered as iron.

ACCIDENT, in grammar, a property attached to a word, without entering into its essential

definition. A word is said to be primitive, when it is taken from no other word in the language in which it is used: thus, heaven, king, good, are primitive words; but heavenly, kingdom, goodness, &c. are derivatives. Besides these accidents, which are common to all sorts of words, each particular species has its accidents: thus the accidents of the noun substantive are the gender, declension, and number; and the adjective has the accident of comparison. See the articles GRAMMAR and LANGUAGE.

ACCIDENT, in heraldry, an additional point or mark in a coat of arms, which may be either omitted or retained without altering the essence of the armour, such as abatement, difference, and tincture.

ACCIDENT, among physicians, is sometimes used for what is more generally called symptom. ACCIDENT ABSOLUTE is a term used in the Roman Catholic theology for an accident, which subsists, or may possibly subsist, at least miraculously, and by some supernatural power, without a subject; such as the colour, flavour, figure and taste of the bread and wine in the eucharist, which remain after these elements, as it is stated, are changed into flesh and blood! The Cartesian Catholics, whose philosophy leads them to deny the existence of absolute accidents, have laboured hard, but in vain, to reconcile their philosophical with their religious tenets.

ACCIDENTS, in astrology, denote the most extraordinary occurrences in the course of a man's life: such as, a remarkable instance of good fortune, a signal deliverance, a great sickness, &c. Also certain casual dispositions, and affections, of the planets, whereby they are supposed to be either strengthened, or weakened, by their being in such a house of the figure.

and ONISCOS by Greek writers. 3. ACCIPENSER STURIO, or the sturgeon.

ACCIPITER, in ichthyology, a name given by Gellius, and some authors, to the fish milvus and lucerna. It is a species of the trigla; with the head a little acculeated, and with a singular fin, placed near the pectoral fins.

ACCIPITER, in the Linnæan system of zoology, the name of the first order of birds, the distinguishing character of which, is, their having a crooked beak. Of this order there are four genera: the vultur, falco, strix, and lanius, and seventytwo species. See ZOOLOGY.

ACCIPITER, in Ronan antiquity and ornithology, the hawk, which, from its carnivorous nature, and its frequenting fields of battle, they considered as a bird of bad omen. Pliny, however, tells us, that in some cases, particularly in marriage, it was esteemed a bird of good omen, because it never eats the hearts of other birds; intimating thereby, that no differences in a marriage state ought to reach the heart. The accipiter was worshipped as a divinity by the inhabitants of Tentyria, an island in the Nile, being considered by them, from the sharpness of its sight, as the image of the sun; and hence we find that luminary represented, in hieroglyphics, under the figure of a hawk.

ACCIPITRINA, in botany, the hawk-weed, called also flix-weed, and sophia chirurgorum.

ACCISMUS, akkoμoç, à feigned refusal of something which a person earnestly desires: supposed to be formed from Acco, the name of a foolish old woman, famous in antiquity for an affectation of this kind. Accismus is sometimes considered as a virtue, sometimes as a vice, which Augustus and Tiberius practised with great sucCromwell's refusal of the crown of England may be brought as an instance of an accismus. It is used in rhetoric, as a species of irony.

cess.

ACCITE', v. Ad: cito, anciently cito citum, to move to, to stir, to summon. Obsolete. See CITE. When the place was redy, the kyng and the queene were accited, by Docter Sampson, to appere before the legates, at the forenamed place, the twentie and eight day of May. Hall. p. 756.

A nobler man, a brauer warrior,
Liues not this day within the city walles.
He by the senate is accited home
From weary warres against the barbarous Gothes.
Shakspeare's Tit. And. p. 31, act i. sc. 2.
Our coronation done, we will accite
(As I before remember'd) all our state;
And (heav'n consigning to my good intents)
No prince, no peer, shall have just cause to say,
Heav'n shorten Harry's happy life one day.

Shakspeare's Henry IV.

ACCIUS, the surname of a patrician family,at Rome, the ancestors of Azo, E. of Este, from whom the various princes of the Brunswick family, and the illustrious house of Hanover. are lineally descended. See Azo.

Accrus, (Lucius,) a Latin tragic poet, born, according to St. Jerome, A. U. C. 583. He adopted the most celebrated subjects of the Grecian stage; as Andromache, Andromeda, Atreus, Clytemnestra, Medea, Meleager, Philoctetes, &c. and one dramatic piece, entirely Roman, entitled brutus. Two comedies, the Wedding and the