of Christ-Church, Oxford. He subsequently graduated at Trinity College, Dublin; which, in testimony of his zeal and assiduity in the Protestant cause, conferred upon him gratuitously, during his absence in England, the degree of D.D. He was appointed chaplain to Bishop Wettenhall, by whose patronage he obtained a prebend in the cathedral of Cork. At the time of the Revolution he made himself conspicuous among the most active partisans of the Prince of Orange, and on three occasions prevented the execution of King James's orders to destroy with fire and sword the town of Bandon, his native place. On the establishment of the new dynasty of William and Mary, he was deputed by his fellow townsmen to present to the English parliament a petition for redress of the grievances which they had suffered under James; and remaining in London, he became minister of the church of St. Catherine Cree, and lecturer of St. Michael's in Wood-street. He was afterwards appointed chaplain, first to the Duke of Ormond, then to King William and Queen Mary. He held also the office of minister at Richmond in Surrey, and at Stratford-onAvon in Warwickshire. From his several appointments alone he derived at least 600l. a year; but being a bad economist, he was obliged, for the purpose of increasing his mcome, to undertake the keeping of a school at Richmond. He died at the age of sixty-six, on the 20th of May, 1726 the same year in which he published by subscription his Translation of the Æneids of Virgil,' in 4 vols., 8vo., which is now almost entirely unknown. Among several of his smaller productions is a tragedy, entitled 'The Rape, or the Innocent Impostors. He published at different times three volumes of his sermons, of which three additional volumes were published after his death by his son; but the reputation of Dr. Brady rests solely upon his share in the new metrical version of the Psalms; of the merits of which every one who possesses a Prayer Book may judge for himself. BRA'DYPUS. [AI and SLOTH.]

BRA'GA, a comarca of Portugal, situated almost in the centre of the prov. of Entre-Duero e Minho, and surrounded by the districts of Barcellos, Viana, Valença, Amarante, and Guimaraens. The territory, though very mountainous, contains some fertile valleys, which being sheltered from the northern winds, enjoy a high degree of temperature. It is watered by the rivs. Cavado and Deste, or Este. The former of these streams rises in the Serra de Gerez, N.E. of the capital of the comarca, and flowing S.W. empties itself into the sea near Esposende; the latter has its source E. of the same capital, and flowing in a direction nearly parallel to the former, enters the ocean near Villa-do-Conde. The productions of the soil are the same as in the rest of the prov. The whole district comprises one city, one town, and 101 par., containing a pop. of 49,838 inh. The chief occupations of the people are agriculture and the manufacture of hats and hardware.

BRAGA, the Braccara Augusta of the Romans, the capital of the comarca, is one of the most antient cities in Portugal, and was the capital of the kingdom when the Suevians were masters of it. It is now the seat of an archbishop, who is the primate of Portugal. Until recently ruins of a Roman amphitheatre and an aqueduct existed; but at present no remains of its antient grandeur are found, except some coins, and five milestones belonging to the five Roman roads leading into Braga, which one of the archbishops removed to a square in the S. part of the city.

The town is situated on an eminence in a fertile valley, watered by the riv. Deste on the S. and by the Cavado on the N., and is about 15 m. from the sea. This valley is covered with quintas or country-houses, and planted with oak, vine, orange, and other fruit trees. The oranges of Braga are the best in Portugal. About 3 m. E. of the city stands a lofty hill, commanding a delightful view of all the plain, on the summit of which is built the renowned sanc tuary of Jesus do Monte.

The city itself contains nothing remarkable. The streets are very narrow and irregularly laid out. There are two squares, and a great number of fountains. The principal building is the cathedral, a stately fabric of the old perpendicular style, which was rebuilt by Count Henrique, the first king of Portugal. The pop. of Braga is reckoned at 19,097. 41° 33' N. lat., 8° 23′ W. long. BRAGANÇA, a comarca of Portugal, in the prov. of Tras-os-Montes, and in its northern extremity. It is surrounded by the Spanish provinces of Leon and Galicia, and by the Portuguese comarcas of Chaves, Mirandela,

and Moncorvo. The territory is very mountainous, being crossed in every direction by the ramifications of the serras of Gerez, Canda, and Padornelo. There are notwithstanding many valleys, in which rich crops of grain and fruit are raised. The district is irrigated by a number o large streams, all of which flow generally from N. to S., and are affluents of the Duero. The district contains 88,896 inh. distributed in 1 city, 10 towns, and 274 pars. BRAGANÇA, Brigantinum, the capital of the district, is situated in a very agreeable and fertile plain on the Tervenza, an affluent of the Sabor; it was erected into a duchy by Alonso V. in 1442, the eighth possessor of which, John II., was raised to the throne of Portugal in 1640, under the title of John IV. From that king the present royal family of Portugal is descended. The town was formerly a fortified place, and now contains a castle almost in ruins. It has nothing remarkable except one large square in the castle, two out of it, and a spacious plain where the nobility and gentry of the place hold their races and other amusements of chivalrous origin. Pop. 3373; 41° 51′ N lat.; 6° 40′ W. long.

BRAGANÇA, HOUSE OF, is the original title of the reigning dynasty of the kingdom of Portugal. The origin of the Bragança family dates from the beginning of the fifteenth century, when Affonso, a natural son of King João, or John I., was created by his father duke of Bragança and lord of Guimaraens. Affonso married Beatrix, the daughter and heiress of Nuno Alvarez Pereira, count of Barcellos and Ourem. From this marriage the line of the dukes of Bragança, marquises of Villaviçosa, &c., has sprung. By the fundamental laws of the Portuguese monarchy, passed in the Cortes of Lamego in 139, all foreign princes are excluded from the succession, and the consequence has been that, in default of legitimate heirs, the illegitimate issue of the royal blood has been repeatedly called to the throne. When the line of the Portuguese kings became extinct by the death of King Sebastian in Africa, 1578, and by that of his successor Cardinal Henrique, 1580, both dying without issue, Antonio Prior of Crato, and natural son of the Infante Dom Luiz, Henrique's brother, claimed the succession, but Philip II. of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess, urged his own pretensions to the crown of Portugal in despite of the laws of Lamego, and he enforced his claim by means of an army commanded by the duke of Alba. [ANTONIO; ALBA.] The Portuguese submitted, Antonio died an exile, and Philip and his successors on the throne of Spain continued to hold the crown of Portugal also till 1640, when the Portuguese, weary of the Spanish, yoke, revolted and proclaimed Dom João, the then duke of Bragança, their king, he being the next remaining heir to the crown. He assumed the title of João IV., and was styled the fortunate.' The crown of Portugal has continued in his line ever since. John IV. was succeeded by his son Affonso Henrique, who, being dethroned in 1668 for his misconduct, his brother Pedro assumed the crown. Pedro was succeeded in 1706 by his son João V., who, dying in 1750, the crown devolved upon his son Joseph I. Joseph was succeeded in 1777 by his daughter Donna Maria I., who afterwards becoming insane, her son Dom João was made prince regent in 1792, and at the death of his mother in 1816 he assumed the title of King João VI. He married a Spanish princess, by whom he had two sons, Pedro and Miguel, and several daughters. In 1822 his eldest son Pedro was proclaimed Constitutional Emperor of Brazil, which became thereby independent of Portugal. In 1826 King John VI. died at Lisbon, and his son Dom Pedro being considered as a foreign sovereign, Dom Pedro's infant daughter Donna Maria II. was proclaimed queen of Portugal. Dom Pedro died in September, 1834, at Lisbon. His son Pedro II. is now (1835) emperor of Brazil.

BRAHE', TYCHO. The influence which the labours of this great reviver of correct astronomy exercised upon the science of his own and succeeding ages, would justify a more minute detail of his life than we can here give. It will be convenient to place all references at the beginning of this article, which we shall accordingly do. (See also general references in ASTRONOMY.)

The life of Tycho Brahé was written by Gassendi; first edition, Parisiis, 1654, with copperplate crown in the title page; second edition with two title-pages, both Hage Comitum,' the first, 1665, marked Editio secunda auctior et correctior. the second, 1664, without any mark of second edition, and with an empty space for the crown. The two editions ac

not appear different in matter. Both contain the Oratio Funebris, &c. of John Jessenius. See also Teissier, 'Eloges des Hommes savans,' iv. 383; Blount Censura,' &c.; 'Epistolæ ad Johannem Keplerum,' &c., 1718; Riccioli, Chronicon in Almagesto Novo,' v. i. p. 46. For modern accounts of his astronomy see Delambre Ast. Mod.;' and in English the chapter on Tycho Brahé and Kepler in Narrien's Account of the Progress of Astronomy, Baldwin, 1833. The life in the Biog. Univ.' is by Malte-Brun. The writings of Tycho Brahé are as follows. The capitals serve to separate different works.

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(A) De Nova Stellâ,' anno 1572, &c.; ' Hafnia' (Copenhagen), 1573. Extremely scarce, afterwards inserted in the • Progymnasmata: English translation, 1582 (copy in the Bodleian, Hyde, cited by Lalande). (B) De Mundi Ætherei recentioribus Phenomenis liber secundus, qui est de Illustri Stellâ Caudatâ anno 1577, conspecta 1588? Is Lalande correct, Bibl.' 119? We have a copy answering in all respects to his description, but with title marked Prague, 1603; we cannot find 1588 at the end, as he says. The statement in the preface is not the same as he gives, but the point is of little importance. (C)'Apologetica Responsio,' &c., Uraniburg, 1591, an answer to an unknown opponent on the parallax of comets. (D) Epistolarum astronomicarum libri,' Uraniburg, 1596; some have on the title-page Frankfort, 1610, others Nuremberg, 1601. (E) Astronomiæ Instauratæ Mechanica, Wandesburg, 1598, reprint, Nuremberg, 1602; plates only reprinted in Mem. Acad. Sci., 1763. (F) Astronomiæ Instauratæ Progymnasmata,' begun at Uraniberg, finished at Prague, 1601 (in the titlepage) published posthumously: the executor's preface is dated 1602. It contains the great mass of Tycho Brahe's results of observation, though headed from beginning to end 'De Novâ Stellâ, anni 1572.' The treatise (B) with titlepage, Prague, 1603, is always called and sold as the second volume of these 'Progymnasmata,' and though it treats of various other matters is headed throughout as • De Cometâ anni 1577. And (D) is very often made a third volume. The same works (all three), with alteration of title-page only, Frankfort, 1610. (G) In the 'Cœli et Siderum, &c. Observationes,' &c., Leyden, 1618, are two years' Bohemian Observations of Tycho Brahé. (H) 'De Disciplinis mathematicis Oratio in qua Astrologia defenditur,' an academical lecture of 1574, printed, not by Tycho, but by Curtius, Hamburg, 1621. (I)Geistreiche Weissagung,' &c., 1632; translation of (A) with the astrological part, omitted in (F), date 1632, no place mentioned by Lalande. (K)‘Opera Omnia,' Frankfort, 1648, reprint of the two first in (F). (L) Lucii Barretti Sylloge Ferdinandea, Vienna, 1657, contains Tycho's observations, 1582-1601. (M) Historia Coelestis, Augsburg, 1666, by this same Barrettus, contains all Tycho's observations. Other title-pages Aug. Vind., 1668, Ratisb., 1672, Diling., 1675. Errors pointed out in Bartholinus Specimen recognitionis, &c., Copenh., 1668. (N) Kepler, Tabula Rudolphina,' Ulm, 1627. These are the final tables deduced from all Tycho's observations. There is either an original life of Tycho, or a translation of Gassendi, in Danish, translated into German by Weistriss, Leipzig, 1756. Tycho Brahé printed his works at his own press of Uraniburg, so long as he remained there, and probably distributed them principally in presents. When they became dispersed, the booksellers varied the title-pages, and hence all the confusion of the preceding list. We suppose those marked (F) were put together after the Frankfort reprint (K), to look like them, if indeed that be a reprint.

The family of Brahé was originally Swedish, but Tycho, the grandfather of the astronomer, and Otto his father, belonged to a branch which had settled in Denmark. Tycho Brahé himself was the eldest son and second child of his father, and was born at Knudsthorp, near the Baltic (lat. 56° 46' N., according to Gassendi), on the 14th of December, 1546. His father had ten children, of whom the last, Sophia Brahé, was known in her day as a Latin poetess, and was also a mathematician and astrologer. This family was as noble and as ignorant as sixteen undisputed quarterings could make them; but Steno, the maternal uncle of Tycho, volunteered to take charge of him. Perceiving that he had talent, his uncle employed masters to teach him Latin, much against the will of his father, who intended him to do nothing but bear arms. In 1559 Tycho was sent to the University of Copenhagen, where his attention was called to astronomy by the pretensions of the astrologers, and by the total eclipse of the Sun, August 21, 1560. He began to study the doctrine

of the sphere, and the ephemerides of Stadius. In 1562 his uncle, who intended him for the law, sent him to Leip. zig with a tutor. But he would attend no more to that science than just enough to save appearances; he disliked the study, and made a punning epigram on it as follows:'Jus patinæ et legum sunt nomine jura sub uno, Grandia condunt et grandia jura vorant.'

In the meanwhile he spent his time and money on astrono mical instruments; and, while his tutor slept, used to watch the constellations by aid of a small globe not bigger than his fist. With these slender means he was able to see that both the Alphonsine and Prutenic tables gave the places of the planets visibly wrong, and particularly so in the case of a predicted conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in 1563. He took strongly into his head the correction of these tables, and his first instrument was a pair of common compasses, which he used as an instrument for observing the angles between stars. By drawing a circle with the same radius as the leg of the compasses, and laying down angles upon it, he was able to find the Alphonsine tables more than a month in error, and the Prutenic several days. He procured a better instrument, and corrected the deficiencies of its graduation by a table. This instrument was a parallactic rule, or radius, in the manner of Geinma Frisius.

He was recalled in 1665, by the death of an uncle, and soon became disgusted by the contempt with which his equals and associates spoke of all liberal knowledge. His uncle Steno, however, recommended him to follow his favourite pursuit, and he left his country once more, and took up his residence at Wittenberg in 1666, from whence he was driven to Rostock in the autumn by the plague. While in this place, a quarrel arose between him and one Pasberg, a Dane of family like himself, at a public festival. The affair was decided by single combat, and Tycho lost all the front part of his nose. A contemporary, cited by Gassendi, hints that they took this method of settling which was the better mathematician of the two. Tycho always afterwards wore an artificial nose made of gold, but so well formed and coloured as to be hardly distinguishable from the one with which he began life; and he always carried a small box of ointment, with which to anoint this artificial member.

In 1569 he went to Augsburg, where, being pleased with the place, and finding astronomers there, he determined to remain. He here caused to be constructed a large quadrant, such as twenty strong men could hardly ft, with which he observed while he remained there. He left Augsburg and returned home in 1571, when his uncle Steno offered him a part of his house, with the means of erecting an observatory and a laboratory; for Tycho had become much attached to chemistry, and declares himself that from his twenty-third year he attended as much to that science as to astronomy. He constructed only a large sextant, for he always intended to return and pursue his studies in Germany, finding the public life of a Danish noble to be a hindrance. An event however happened in 1572, which, if our memory serves us, has been sometimes stated in popular works as the first excitement he received to study astronomy-with what correctness we have seen. Returning from his laboratory on the evening of November 11, 1572, he cast his eyes upon the constellation Cassiopea, and was thunderstruck by there perceiving not only a new star but one of greater splendour than any in that constellation. The country people also saw it, and he immediately set himself to determine its place and motion, if any. Happening to visit Copenhagen early in the year 1573, he carried with him his journal, and found that the savans of the university had not yet taken notice of the phenomenon. He excited great derision at a convivial party by mentioning his discovery, which however was changed into astonishment on his actually showing them the star. They thereupon became urgent that he should publish his notes, which he refused, being, as he afterwards confessed, under the prejudice that it was unbecoming for a nobleman to publish anything: but afterwards, seeing how many and worthless were the writings on the same subject, and being pressed by his friends at Copenhagen, he sent his account, with additions, to one of them for publication. The star itself continued visible, though gradually diminishing in brightness, till March, 1574. It was at one time as bright as Venus. [CASSIOPEA.]

As soon as Tycho had conquered his aristocratic aversion to being useful, he committed a much more serious offence against his order by marrying, in 1573, a peasant, or a:

least a plebeian, girl of Knudsthorp, named Christiana. | some say she was the daughter of a clergyman. By the interposition of the king the fury of his family at this step was cooled. Never were man's prejudices subjected to a more salutary course of discipline than those of Tycho Brahé. In two short years the proud noble became an author, a lecturer, and the husband of a woman of inferior rank. The students of the university desired to profit by his knowledge, and on his positive refusal, the king, to whom he felt his obligations, made it his own earnest request. No choice was therefore left to the unfortunate recusant; and he accordingly delivered the public lecture marked (H) in our preceding list, which, putting aside the astrology, is a sensible discourse; and, excepting a hint at the beginning that nothing but the request of the king and of the audience (for politeness' sake) had made him undertake an office for which he was so unfit by station and mediocrity of talent (for modesty's sake), does not contain any allusion to the supposed derogation. He informs his audience at the end that he intends to lecture on the Prutenic tables, and he did so accordingly. This lecture was first published in 1610 by Conrad Aslacus (we cannot unlatinize Gassendi's name), who got it from Tycho himself.

Tycho Brahé had all this time intended to travel again. He set out in 1575, leaving his wife and infant daughter

at home, and proceeded to the court of the Landgrave William of Hesse-Cassel, who was himself a persevering observer; so much so, that when, during an observation of the new star of 1572, servants ran to tell him the house was on fire, he would not stir till he had finished. On leaving his court, Tycho wandered through Switzerland and Germany, apparently seeking where he might best set up his observatory, and he had fixed his thoughts upon Basle. But in the meanwhile ambassadors had been sent from Denmark to the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, and that prince took occasion warmly to recommend Tycho Brahé and his studies to the notice of his own sovereign. The latter (Frederic II.) accordingly sent for Tycho after his return to Knudsthorp in 1576, and offered him possession for life of the island of Hven or Hoëne, taking upon him self all the expenses of his settlement. The offer was gladly accepted, and the first stone of the astronomical castle called Uraniberg or Oranienberg (the city of the heavens) was laid August 13, 1576. There is a full description of it in Gassendi, as also in (D) and (E). The following drawing is extracted from the former. It is necessary to warn our readers that the clumsiness of the old wood cut is purposely imitated, owing to some critical remarks we have heard on the figures in ASTROLABE (which see for the character of the instruments employed).

In 1577 he began his observations, and on November 13, 1577, saw the comet which is the subject of (B). This luminary, and others of the same kind, gave occasion to his discovery that the spheres of the planets [PRIMUM MOBILE, PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM] could not be solid, since they were cut in all directions by the orbits of comets, which must be called the first decisive blow against the received notions. And Tycno was the first who proved comets to have such a varallax as was incompatible with their being