albumen which is insipid and uneatable. The outer wood of the stem when old becomes very hard and brown, and although scarcely to be cut transversely, nevertheless divides freely in a longitudinal direction: it is capable of taking a fine polish, and is frequently made use of for bows: the young wood in the centre is white, soft, and worthless. This magnificent palm,' says Sir William Jones, 'is justly considered the king of its order, which the Hindus call trina druma or grass-trees. Van Rheede mentions the bluish, gelatinous, pellucid substance of the young seeds, which in the hot season is cooling and rather agreeable to the taste; but the liquor extracted from the tree is the most seducing and pernicious of intoxicating juices. When just drawn it is as pleasant as Pouhon water fresh from the spring, and almost equal to the best mild champagne. From this liquor, according to Rheede, sugar is extracted; and it would be happy for these provinces if it were always applied to so innocent a purpose.' The mode of obtaining the sap of this palm is stated by Rumf to be by crushing the young inflorescence, and amputating the upper half; the lower is then tied to a leafstalk, and has a vessel, usually of bamboo, attached to its end. The vessel gradually fills with sap, and is removed every morning; when replaced, a fresh slice is cut from the wounded end of the inflorescence,- -an operation which is repeated daily until the whole of the raceme is sliced away. In procuring the sugar exactly the same process is followed, but the inside of the receiver is powdered with lime, which prevents fermentation taking place: the juice is afterwards boiled down and finally dried by exposure to smoke in little baskets. BORAX, a compound of boracic acid and soda. It is quite insoluble in alcohol. It is precipitated from its solutions by all mineral acids and alkalies, and most alkaline and metallic salts. These are therefore incompatible with it in prescriptions Dr. A. T. Thomson states, that when biborate of soda and honey are mixed in equal portions, a chemical union takes place, by which a deliquescent salt is formed. This likewise happens when the biborate is added to a solution or mixture of honey and water. The taste of borax is sweetish, slightly alkaline, and refrigerant. In Britain borax is chiefly employed as a local application to aphthous sores, particularly of the mouths of children, and is applied either in powder, dissolved in water, or mixed with sugar or honey. If the opinion entertained by Dr. Thomson be correct, that it is the new salt resulting from the union with honey which is the useful agent in these cases, and not the borax simply, the last method is the only proper one: it is also the most agreeable, and therefore to be preferred, especially when the honey of roses (mel rosarum) is employed to form the compound. The compound of borax with honey of roses, added to a proper quantity of warm water, forms, when cold, a very efficacious gargle in many cases of ulcerated sore-throat. But the employment of borax is much too limited in Britain. It possesses an influence over the uterus similar to that of ergot of rye, which renders it as useful in protracted parturition, while it is much safer both for mother and child. (Hufeland's Journal, December, 1823, p. 114; and Novem ber, 1824, p. 123.) It is also serviceable as a refrigerant in slight febrile affections. But its external employment is more worthy of notice: in several cutaneous diseases it forms a lotion of great efficacy. A weak solution of it in rose-water, kept constantly applied by means of a thin linen cloth, over the redness which often affects the nose of delicate persons, relieves the sense of heat, and removes the florid colour. Many other spots on the face may be removed in a similar way. It is also a very useful application to inflamed piles, and also to chilblains. (Geiger. Magaz. für Pharmac. vol. xxii. p. 26.) BO'RBORUS (Iphærocera of Latreille), a genus of dipterous, or two-winged flies, of the family Muscidae. Its chief characters exist in the posterior thighs, which are much compressed, and the two basal joints of the posterior tarsi, which are considerably larger than the following. The head is concave in front and reflexed towards the mouth: the antennæ diverge, and are sometimes almost as long as the fore part of the head. The second cell of the posterior extremity of the wing (the last of the two which occupy the middle of its length) is closed before it reaches the margin. These little flies are found in marshy places, and on putrid substances, but more particularly dung heaps, in which probably their larvæ reside; they are always abundant about cucumber frames, and are of a brownish colour most of the species when expanded would scarcely measure a quarter of an inch. BORDA, JEAN CHARLES, born at Dax, May 4, 1733, of an antient family, distinguished in the military service. He showed an early taste for mathematics, and overcoming the objections of his father, began his studies in military engineering, but afterwards entered the chevaulégers. This change he made in order to remain at Paris, where D'Alembert, to whom he had been presented, had recommended him to fix himself, and look forward to the Academy of Sciences. In 1756 some mathematical memoirs procured him admission into that body. He was at the battle of Hastembeck in 1757, after which he returned to the engineer service (into which he was admitted without examination), as interfering less with his pursuits. He was immediately employed at a sea-port, and this circumstance decided his future career. From this time to 1769 he published various memoirs as well on hydrostatics as on pure analysis. He tried, both by experiment and theory, various matters connected with navigation and ship-building. In 1767 he entered the naval service. In 1771 he embarked in the Flora for America, with MM. Verdun and Pingré. The object of the voyage was to find methods of improving the performance of watches at sea; the observations, &c. made were published in 1778, under the title of 'Voyage fait par ordre du roi, &c. par MM. de Verdun,' &c. In 1776 he was sent with two frigates to survey the Canary Islands. He ascended the peak of Teneriffe, ascertained its height, and corrected some tables he had formerly made for finding the distance of a ship from it by means of its apparent height. Here he introduced into the French naval surveys the use of reflecting instruments, instead of determining positions by compass-bearings. He served under D'Estaing in 1777 and 1778, and in 1782 was sent with a sixty-four gun ship to convey troops to Martinique. He then joined De Grasse's squadron, and being detached with a small force of frigates on a cruise, he found himself, on the clearing up of a mist, in the midst of an English squadron. He defended himself stoutly, enabled the rest of his ships to escape, and was then obliged to give up his own vessel (the Solitaire) a perfect wreck. On reading this extraordinary account of a single ship defending itself for three hours against a squadron in the midst of which it was at the beginning of the action, we thought it might be safe to compare it with the official account of the English admiral, and we find another version, namely, that in the month of December, 1782, the Solitaire fell in with the squadron of Sir R. Hughes, and of course endeavoured to escape; that the Ruby, of 60 guns, commanded by Captain Collins, overtook her by dint of sailing, and captured her in forty-one minutes, a perfect wreck, the only circumstance in which the two accounts agree, and on which the admiral takes occasion to notice the very great superiority of the fire of the Ruby. Borda was honourably treated, and allowed to return to France on parole. From that time to the end of a very useful life, he was mostly employed on the great measure ment of the meridian. He died February 19-20, 1799. The preceding summary is on the authority of the éloge in the 4th volume of the Memoirs of the Institute. payment of the geld or tax. (Domesd. Book, tom. i., fol. 203.) In Norwich there were 420 bordarii: and 20 are mentioned as living in Thetford. (Ibid, tom. ii. fol. 116 b. 173.) Bishop Kennett says, 'The bordarii often mentioned in the Domesday Inquisition were distinct from the servi and villani, and seem to be those of a less servile condition, who had a bord or cottage with a small parcel of land allowed to them, on condition they should supply the lord with poultry and eggs and other small provisions for his board and entertainment. (Gloss. Paroch. Antiq.) Such also is the interpretation given by Blomfield in his History of Norfolk.' Brady says they were drudges, and performed vile services, which were reserved by the lord upon a poor little house, and a small parcel of land, and might perhaps be domestic works, such as grinding, threshing, drawing water, cutting wood, &c. (Pref., p. 56.) Bond, as Bishop Kennett has already noticed, was a cottage. Bordarii, it should seem, were cottagers merely. In one of the Ely Registers we find bordarii, where the breviate of the same entry in Domesday itself reads cotarii. Their condition was probably different on different manors. In some entries in the Domesday Survey, bordarii arantes occur. At Evesham, on the abbey demesne, 27 bordarii are described as 'servientes curiæ. (Domesd., tom. i., fol. 175 b.) At St. Edmondsbury in Suffolk, the abbot had 118 homagers, and under them 52 bordarii. The total number of bordarii noticed in the different counties of England in Domesday Book is 82,634. (Ellis's General Introd. to Domesday Book, edit. 1833, vol. i. p. 82, ii. p. 511; Heywood's Dissert. upon the Ranks of the People under the Anglo-Saxon Governments, pp. 303, 305.) On the demesne appertaining to the castle of Ewias, there were 12 bordarii, who are described as performing A sketch of this kind is not the place to describe in-personal labour on one day in every week. (Ibid. fol. 186.) ventions or methods, which will be found in their proper places. In 1767 Mayer had proposed a whole circle of reflexion for astronomical purposes. Borda published the account of his own improvement of the idea, since so well known, in 1787, under the title of Description et usage du Cercle de Reflexion. The repeating circle (a further modification of the ideas of Mayer) was not described by himself, but appeared first, so far as we can find, in the 'Exposé des Opérations,' &c., (94 pages) published in 1791 by the three commissioners, Cassini, Méchain, and Legendre, appointed to superintend the French part of the junction of the observatories of Paris and Greenwich. In 1790 he found by experiment the length of the pendulum at Paris (which at that time was contemplated as the basis of the new system of measures). His means and result are described under PENDULUM. From that time to the end of his life he was employed in devising and executing the means of forwarding the great survey the methods for measuring the base were formed under his inspection, and he was in fact the inventor of most of the original instruments employed. It has been said that to him and Coulomb must be traced the rise of the sound experimental philosophy for which the French have since become distinguished; and it certainly appears to us that there is some truth in the observation. In the meanwhile he had charged himself with the expense of calculating and printing new tables of logarithmic sines, &c., corresponding with the new division of the circle into 400 degrees. These were published in 1801, under the title of Tables Trigonométriques Décimales,' &c. (An. 1x.) with revision and an explanation, by Delambre. Borda was of a quick and lively turn. When a boy, he is said to have been able to make two translations from French into Latin at once, in different terms, from dictation, one for himself and one for his next class-fellow. He was fond of poetry and the antient writers, and particularly attached to the Odyssey of Homer. BORDA'RII, one of the classes of agricultural occupiers of land mentioned in the Domesday Survey, and, with the exception of the villani, the largest. The origin of their name, and the exact nature of their tenure, have been variously interpreted. Lord Coke (Inst. lib. i. §. i. fol. 5 b. edit. 1628) calls them boors holding a little house with some land of husbandry, bigger than a cottage. Nichols, in his Introduction to the History of Leicestershire,' p. xlv., considers them as cottagers, taking their name from living on the borders of a village or manor: but this is sufficiently refuted by Domesday itself, where we find them not only mentioned generally among the agricultural occupiers of land, but in one instance as 'circa aulam manentes, dwelling near the manor house; and even residing in some of the larger towns. In two quarters of the town of Huntingdon, at the time of forming the Survey, as well as in king Edward the Confessor's time, there were 116 burgesses, and subordinate to them 100 bordarii, who aided them in the | BORDEAUX, or BOURDEAUX* (antiently BOURDEAUS and BORDEAULX), one of the most important cities in France, in the department of Gironde: 371 miles S.S.W. from Paris by Orléans, Vierzon, Châteauroux, Limoges, and Perigueux; 376 by Chartres, Vendôme, Tours, and Angoulême; and 378 by Orléans, Blois, Tours, and Angoulême. It is in 44° 50′ 25′′ N. lat., and 0° 33′ 35′′ W. long. Bordeaux is on the left or western bank of the river Garonne, which here makes a considerable bend, having the city on its concave bank, which is lined with extensive quays; and as the buildings extend to the greatest distance from the river about the centre of these quays, and cover a narrower space as they approach the extremities, the whole form of the place nearly resembles that of the crescent moon. The bend of the river is so great, that a line or chord drawn from N. by W. to S. by E. and joining the two extremities or horns of the crescent, not only includes a portion of the river, but also of the opposite or convex bank, on which is the suburb of La Bastide. The length of such line or chord (measured on the Plan of Bordeaux, pub. lished by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge) is about two miles: the distance between the same points along the bank of the river is about two miles and a half; and along the convex boundary of the town towards the open country, more than four miles and a half: the greatest breadth from the river towards the country, drawn from W. by S. to E. by N., is about a mile. Bordeaux is a very antient city. It was an important place in the time of Strabo, who was contemporary with Our Lord. In the Geography of Strabo it is mentioned as the option (emporeion), or chief trading-place of the Biroupyes (in Latin Bituriges), who were surnamed 'Iookoi (Iosci) according to Strabo, Ub.sci or Vibisci according to others, or Vivisci according to Ausonius. These Bituriges were a Celtic nation (a branch probably of the Bituriges Cubi who inhabited the province of Berri), and had settled within the limits which Caesar assigns to the Aquitani. Strabo describes the town, which he calls Bovodiyala (Bourdigala), as situated λiμvolaλárty tivi, which D'Anville interprets as meaning a place up to which the sea (or tide) flows. Ptolemy writes the name in the same manner as Strabo: but • The former of these two is now the prevalent mode of writing this name: in the time of M. D'Anville the practice seems to have been more variable. D'Anville himseli gives some reasons for preferring 'Bourdeaux.' Devienne, the Benedictine, in his History of Bordeaux, contends for the ou, but says that custom had established the use of Bordeaux-It is observable that Vienus says this is an old form, more antient indeed than that of Bourdeaux: and in a very antient map of France in the British Museum (Venice, 1526) it s written Bordeauls, the Latin writers give Burdigala and Burdegala. The importance of Burdigala is shown by the circumstance, that it was made the capital of the province of Aquitania Secunda in the subdivision of the Gallic provinces, about the middle or latter end of the fourth century. Ausonius, a Latin poet of the fourth century, himself a native of this place, has left a description of it in his poem Clara Urbes, or Ordo Nobilium Urbium, from which we take the following extract: Impia iamdudum condemno silentia, quod te, Non pudor hine reti. Nec enim mihi barbara Rheni Dispositum, et latas nomen seruare plateas: I have long been condemning my impious silence, in not mentioning among the chief [cities], thee, O my country, renowned for wine, and streams, and men; for the manners and talents of thy inhabitants, and [thy] council of the nobles :-as though conscious of the small [extent of my native] city. I hesitated to touch upon unmerited praises. No shame do I feel for this reason. Not mine the barbarous bank of the Rhenus, nor is my icy dwelling in the northern Hæmus. Burdigala is my birth-place, where the a, b, c, Walls of Bourdeaux in later times, marked by a strong line. d, Cours d' Albret e, Cours de Tourny. f. Cours du Jardin Public. g, Allées de Tourny. h, Quai de Chartrons. i, Quai de Bacalan. k, Jardin Public. 1, La Bastide. 1, Ste. Croix Suburb. 2, St. Julien do. 3, Ste. Eulalée do. 4, St. Saurin do. 5, Chartrons do. temperature of the sky is mild, and great the liberality (i. e. fertility) of the watered earth. Long is the spring and short the winters; and close at hand are wood-crowned eminences. The waters are ruffled with tides like those of the ocean. The form of the walls is quadrangular, and so lofty with its high towers, that [their] summits pierce the airy clouds. You will admire the well-arranged [distinctas, adorned] streets within, the disposition of the houses, and that the broad-wa) [plateas] still [justly] preserve their name and then [you will admire] the gates corresponding to the streets which cross at right angles, [directa compita,] and the bed of the stream from a spring, flowing through the midst of the city: and when Father Ocean has filled this with his up-flowing tide, you will see the whole water covered with fleets.' Besides the stream mentioned in the above extract, Ausonius notices another which supplied a handsomely adorned and copious fountain, and which he calls Divona. The site of the Roman Burdigala, as we gather from the above extract, was a quadrangle: the greater diameter of this quadrangle extended nearly from E. to W. The gates appear to have been fourteen in number: four on the north, and as many on the south side, and three each on the eastern and western sides. La Porte Basse, the last of the gates, was demolished about twenty or five and twenty years since. Of the walls and towers some remains it is probable exist still. The stones used in the foundations of tne wall were of a great size. Two Roman edifices survived the various devastations of the city, and came down to modern days. The ruins of one of these, the amphitheatre, or, as it is called, Le Palais Galien, the palace of Gallienus,' yet remain, though much dilapidated; the other edifice the 'Palais Tutele,' as it is called by Vinet, was demolished when Louis XIV. rebuilt Château Trompette, in the latter part of the seventeenth century. It stood on what was the esplanade of the castle, which has in its turn been demolished, and the site is now occupied by the grand Place de Louis XVI. Some authorities speak of an amphitheatre distinct from the Palace of Gallienus, but we think this has arisen from some misapprehension on their part. of the public buildings were burned, and the inhabitants nearly all put to the sword. This event occurred about 731 or 732. Domestic troubles, caused by the attempts of the Dukes of Aquitaine to become independent of the kings of France, agitated afresh the south-west of France, after the defeat and expulsion of the Saracens by Charles Martel but we have no account that Burdigala suffered by these commotions; it was perhaps too much reduced by the disaster it had lately sustained to be an object of ambition to either party. Under Charlemagne it was under a count of its own, and began to recover from its downfall. Its prosperity was advanced by its being incorporated by Charles le Chauve (the Bald), who reigned about the middle of the ninth century, with the duchy of Gascogne, of which it became the capital. But prosperity in those dark ages only rendered it more the object of attack; Burdigala, or, as we may now call it, Bordeaux, was taken by the Normans, and underwent a more complete destruction than any which it had yet experienced. The houses were almost entirely destroyed, and the unhappy Bordelois abandoned for a time their native city. The amphitheatre is in the outskirts of the town, or rather in the Fauxbourg St. Surin, just to the left of the road to Medoc. Its greater diameter when entire was 226 French, or about 241 English feet; its smaller diameter 166 French, or 177 English feet; its external elevation 60 French, or 64 English feet. During the Revolution the site was sold as national property, and the arena defaced with a parcel of little houses, to which the most perfect remains of the amphitheatre were made to serve as foundations, or for the erection of which the stones of this interesting monument of a former age were appropriated. The circuit of the arena may be traced however all round, and there remain many When the Normans received from Charles the Simple, arches constructed with alternate courses of brick-work about the close of the ninth or beginning of the tenth cenand of small square stones When Vinet published his tury, the province called from them Normandie, they deL'Antiquité de Bourdeaus (1574), this building was insisted from ravaging the rest of France; and Bordeaux was much better preservation. He has given an engraving of rebuilt and repeopled, and became again the residence of it in his work. Le Palais Tutele is supposed by some to the dukes of Gascogne, who built here the castle or palace have been a temple consecrated to the tutelary genius or of L'Ombrière. Upon the union of the duchies of Guienne divinity of the city. It consisted of a basement about 96 and Gascogne, the dukes abandoned Bordeaux for Poitiers, English feet long by about 70 wide, and 23 or 24 high, which had been the capital of the duchy of Guienne; and upon which had been erected twenty-four Corinthian pillars, Bordeaux was reduced to the capital of a county, to the eight being presented at the side, and six at the front. possessor of which it gave title. Yet it still continued to Upon these columns, and supported by them, was an attic, be an important place, and it may be questioned whether it having open spaces corresponding in number to the spaces did not resume its rank of ducal capital; for here it was between the columns. The pilasters between the spaces that Louis VII. of France (le Jeune) espoused Alienor or of this attic were adorned with caryatid figures on the Eleanor, heiress of the united duchies of Guienne and Gasfront and back. In the basement was an apartment nine cogne. The divorce of this princess, and her subsequent feet high, occupied at a later period as a wine-cellar. union with Henry, count of Anjou and king of England (Stuart's and Revett's Antiquities of Athens, last edit. vol. (Henry II.), caused Bordeaux to become part of the exteniii. p. 120 note.) There are few other remains of Roman sive dominions which the English monarchs possessed in antiquity. Some inscriptions and some statues, part of France. them mutilated, which have been found, have been collected together. (Millin, Voyage dans les Départements du Midi de la France; Devienne, Histoire de Bourdeaux.) Notwithstanding these remains of antiquity have been found in the city, some learned men (and among them Adrian de Valois), misled by some passages in Gregory of Tours and another antient writer, have contended that the Roman Burdigala was on the right bank of the Garonne; and that it was not till the sack of the city by the Saracens that the citizens transferred their abode to the other side of the river. · Under the Romans Burdigala was not the scene of any important historical event, except the assumption of the purple by Tetricus (one of those commonly but inaccurately designated the thirty tyrants'), in the reign of Gallienus, n the third century: it derives its reputation rather from the zeal with which literature was cultivated. Ausonius has sung the praises of its numerous professors. Devienne, in his Histoire de Bordeaux,' tells us that in the school of this city religious profession formed no bar to entrance; that Christians and Pagans studied there alike, and that even females received instruction in the establishment. 6 Early in the fifth century (412) the Visigoths first attacked Gaul and possessed themselves of Burdigala and other places. Being obliged to withdraw into Spain, they burnt part of this city. After some years they became masters of it again, and it continued in their power, forming part of their kingdom, of which Tolosa or Toulouse was the capital. Under its new masters Burdigala declined; and the persecution of the Catholic Christians by the Arian Visigoths is represented as one cause of its downfall. After remaining under the dominion of the Visigoths for nearly a century, it came into the hands of the Frankish conqueror Clovis, who, after the battle of Vouillé, in which he defeated and slew Alaric, king of the Visigoths, wintered in this town. In the troubles which agitated France under the descendants of Clovis, it was the object of contest, and when the successful ambition of Charles Martel seemed to promise a more vigorous government and greater internal tranquillity, this unfortunate city was attacked by the Saracens, and being unable to resist their fury, the greater part No. 294. Bordeaux now became the capital of Guienne, a duchy formed of the districts of Bordelois, Agenois, Quercy, Perigord, Limousin, and Saintonge. This province remained to the English kings when Philippe Auguste, in the beginning of the thirteenth century, stripped them of all their other French possessions. Among those who held during this time the title of dukes of Guienne by the appointment of the English crown, were Richard Coeur de Lion, during the lifetime of his father, Henry II.; and Richard, duke of Cornwall, better known as king of the Romans, brother of Henry III. In the reign of this last-named king, the Hotel de Ville of Bordeaux was built, and the municipal government established or revived; and Henry himself made a long, needless, and expensive stay at Bordeaux, to the regret and the cost of his English subjects. The weakness of this prince, and the harshness of Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, whom he had nominated to the government of Guienne (after having wrested the duchy from Richard, duke of Cornwall, in order to bestow it upon his own then infant son, afterwards Edward I.), led to revolts on the_part of the Gascons, and the earl was compelled to fly to England. He returned, however, with an army, and Bordeaux was compelled to open its gates to him; but as he continued his severities, new troubles arose. The king was now inclined to listen to the complaints of his subjects in Guienne: but the barons in the parliament of England, to which the affair was referred, supported Leicester; and the king encouraged the inhabitants of Guienne to_revolt against the governor of his own appointment. The Bordelois raised troops and attacked Leicester; but the valour and military skill of this celebrated man gained him the victory, and Bordeaux was obliged again to submit upon very hard conditions. The troubles of the province were not, however, allayed, until Edward, son of Henry III., to whom, as already noticed, the duchy of Guienne had been given, took up his residence there, and acquired by his good qualities the esteem of his subjects. In the reign of Edward I. of England, a dispute having arisen between him and the King of France, Philippe IV. (le Bel), Edward, whose attention was occupied by his wars in Scotland, agreed to deliver up Bordeaux and the rest of Guienne to the French, upon a promise that it should immediately be restored. This was intended to satisfy the indignation of Philippe, to whom Edward owed fealty for his French possessions. When the cession had been made, and restoration, agreeably to the convention, was demanded, Philippe eluded the demand. War ensued, and it was not until ten years after that the king of England re-entered into the possession of this part of his inheritance. Edward In 1649, during the minority of Louis XIV., new troubles II., son and successor of Edward I., having quarrelled with arose between the local authorities in the parliament of Charles IV. (le Bel) of France, lost all Guienne except Bordeaux and the Duc d'Epernon, son of the one just Bordeaux, and one or two other places; Guienne was given mentioned, governor of Guienne. Troops were raised, up by Charles, not to Edward himself, but to his son and hostilities ensued both by land and sea. The court Edward, prince of Wales. This was in the early part of supported the Duc d'Epernon: the parliament of Paris the fourteenth century. Either by Edward II. or by Ed- supported that of Bordeaux. The commandant of the ward III., when he became king of England, upon the Château Trompette having fired on the city, that fordeposition of his father, Bordeaux was annexed by a parti-tress was attacked and taken by the troops of the parlia cular charter to the crown of England: this connexion, ment. A short peace was only the prelude to new troubles which was declared to be inseparable on any ground what- between the parliament and the court, at which Cardinal ever, was formed by the desire of the municipal authorities. Mazarine was then paramount. Bordeaux was besieged by In the war between France and England which has the royal forces; but peace was concluded in the autumn signalized the reign of Edward III., Bordeaux became a of 1649 or 1650. When the war of the Fronde broke place of great importance. From it the Black Prince set out out, on the return of Cardinal Mazarine to France in 1652, on that expedition which led to the battle of Poitiers, and the Bordelois took part with the Prince of Condé against the to it he conducted Jean II., king of France, who was taken Cardinal; and their city was consequently blockaded in 1653. prisoner in that memorable engagement. This was a period The troubles were concluded by a treaty agreed to the same of great splendour to Bordeaux: it became the capital of year; and Dureteste, one of the leaders of the Bordelois, the principality of Guienne, which Edward III. formed in was executed; the other chiefs escaped by flight or the infavour of his valiant son, from the provinces of Poitou, tercession of those who had influence at court. New troubles Saintonge, Agenois, Perigord, Limousin, Quercy, Bigorre, having sprung up in 1675, the parliament of Bordeaux was the territory of Jaure, Angoumois, Rouergue, and all that removed from that city by a royal edict; part of the city was comprehended in Guienne proper and Gascogne. Eleven wall was broken down; troops were quartered upon the inyears were passed by this prince at his new capital in all habitants; and other measures of severity were resorted to to the splendour of sovereignty; and here was born his son, bridle the population of a city which had given so much unthe degenerate and unhappy Richard II. When the affairs easiness to the central government. In 1690 the parliament, of the English declined, and there seemed a probability that which had been transferred successively to Condom and La Guienne (which was now reduced to the limits which Reole, was re-established at Bordeaux; and the city enjoyed bounded it before the erection of the principality in favour a century of peace until the outbreak of the French Revoof the Black Prince) would be conquered by the French, lution. (Histoire de la Ville de Bordeaux, par Devienne.) the inhabitants of Bordeaux formed a convention with those of several other cities for mutual succour and defence. They retained their attachment to the English; and when Richard II. ceded the duchy of Guienne to his uncle, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, they refused to be separated from the English crown. So warmly were they attached to Richard as a native of their city, that when one of those who were suspected of having murdered him arrived in their city, they rose and massacred him. | throughout France, Bordeaux had its share in the atrocity. Two hundred and sixty-four Protestants were butchered here. In the reign of Louis XIII. in 1635, the weight of taxation gave rise to another insurrection, and some blood was shed in its suppression, which was effected by the resolution and activity of the Duc d'Epernon, governor of Guienne. Bordeaux, and the province of which it was the capital, maintained its connexion with England during the reigns of Henry IV. and V.; but in the reign of Henry VI., upon the downfall of the English power in France, the connexion was broken. In 1451 the Bordelois capitulated to Charles VII. of France on favourable terms; but very shortly after they revolted to the English, and the valiant Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, then upwards of eighty, was sent with an army to their support. The death of Talbot and the destruction of his army forced them again to submit to the French king (1453), on much harder conditions. To secure the fidelity of the Bordelois, and to prevent any attempts from the English, Charles caused to be erected the Château Trompette and the Castle of Ha. The events which preceded and accompanied the submission of Bordeaux to the French tended much to reduce its population and to diminish its grandeur; the favour shown to it by the Kings of France tended, however, to revive it. But an insurrection excited by the oppressive effect of the gabelle, or tax upon salt, brought new calamities. In the year 1548 the people rose, and being assisted by the country folks of Guienne or the neighbouring provinces, committed great excesses; and when the tumult was quelled, the brutal Montmorenci, constable of France, inflicted terrible severities upon the unhappy townsmen. The progress of the Reformation in France having alarmed the supporters of the dominant church, several Protestants were put to death. In this persecution the local authorities of Bordeaux took a conspicuous part, and several persons were burnt by their order. The new opinions however spread, and in 1561 there were about seven thousand of the Reformed in this city. When the religious animosities broke out into open warfare, the Protestants, in 1563, endeavoured to surprise the Château Trompette, but the attempt failed. When the massacre of St. Bartholomew was made the signal of a general attack on the Protestants When the municipal freedom of Bordeaux was restricted by the advance of arbitrary power under Louis XIV., the city had not by any means reached its present extent. Beyond the walls, which Piganiol de la Force (A.D. 1722) describes as old and strengthened here and there with square and round towers, were the Fauxbourgs les Chartrons (on the river just below Bordeaux), St. Seurin, St. Eulalie, St. Julien, and Ste. Croix. The three forts, Château Trompette, Ha, and Ste. Croix, or St. Louis, served at once to protect the city from foreign attacks, and to restrain the movements of the citizens. The erection of the first and second by Charles VII. has been already noticed; the third was built by order of Louis XIV. after the suppression of the disturbances of 1675. The Château Trompette stood on the bank of the river at the entrance of the port, and was between the city itself and the suburb of Les Chartrons. Louis XIV. caused Vauban to strengthen it by new works; and it remained entire till the Revolution; after which its advanced works were demolished, and a communication thus opened between the Quai des Chartrons and Quais of the city. It was intended to remove the whole building, but its existence was prolonged under the empire of Napoleon. Upon the restoration of the Bourbons the citizens desired and obtained its demolition; and handsome streets or fine plantations and walks now occupy the space not long since covered by barracks, or else quite vacant. The Castle of Ha was towards the land, and was suffered to fall into decay under the monarchy. There only remains of it one tower, occupied as a prison. The fort of St. Louis, or Ste Croix, has almost disappeared. It stood near the river at the opposite extremity of the town to the Château Trompette. The walls have for the most part been demolished, and the turrets of the antient palace de l'Ombrière are hidden by a triumphal arch and by the custom-house. Although the disasters of Bordeaux in the seventeenth century deprived it of the power of resistance to the monarchy, yet in local affairs the city appears to have been left in the enjoyment of some degree of freedom. The municipal government was in the hands of a 'maire' and six jurats these jurats were elective officers, and chosen, two each, from the nobility, the body of advocates, and the merchants. These authorities possessed, under the mo *The parliaments of France were courts of justice of high authority, they were composed both of laymen and ecclesiastics. They registered the roys. decrees and transmitted them to the lower courts. |