3. ce qu'elle a dit à Monsieur. Mme de La Fayette, the intimate friend of Madame, reports these words as follows: "Hélas! Monsieur, vous ne m'aimez plus, il y a longtemps; mais cela est injuste, je ne vous ai jamais manqué."

Page 155.

1. Il s'est hâté, etc. A quotation from the apocry

phal Book of Wisdom (iv, 14), attributed to Solomon.

2. dessin. Bossuet spelled dessein, the prevailing orthography for both dessein and dessin in his time.

3. ne disons plus, etc. As in the first part of the Oration. See page 143, line 14.

Page 156. - 1. je le sais. Bossuet alludes to an emerald ring Madame had had made for him when he was appointed Bishop of Condom, and which in her last moments she requested one of her English maids to give him after her death. (See Mme de La Fayette's Histoire de Madame.)

Page 157. - 1. qu'elle allait être précipitée dans la gloire. From Tacitus: "Sic Agricola. . . in ipsam gloriam præceps agebatur " (Agricola, c. 41).

2. Je suis, etc. Isaiah xlvii, 10.

Page 158.

1. nous pouvons achever, etc. Remember that this Oration was a part of the regular church service, a sermon in the mass. See Introduction, page xiii.

Page 159. 1. Attendons-nous que Dieu, etc. Suggested perhaps by Luke xvi, 31.

2. c'est par passion, et non par raison, etc. For Pascal's view, see Pensées, Art. VIII, pensée 6, page 102, and Art. XXIV, pensée 5, page 110.

3. ni de plus près, ni plus fortement. Notice the use of ni...ni in interrogation, where the declarative phrase would be negative. It was not unusual in the seventeenth century.

4. que de la vouloir forcer, would now be changed to que de se voir forcée, since the modern construction of the phrase rejects the introduction of a new subjecɩ into a dependent clause in the infinitive. Page 160. - 1. pénitence. Notice how this Oration maintains to the end the idea of the vanity of earth. Nothing lasts but faith and repentance.

ORAISON FUNÈBRE DE LOUIS DE BOURBON.

This is the last of Bossuet's Funeral Orations. See the closing sentence of the Oration itself. Compare for thought with the Sermon sur l'Honneur du Monde which Condé had heard Bossuet preach on March 21, 1660.

2. Louis de Bourbon (1621–1686), Prince of Condé, the most famous of his family, was together with Turenne the great general of the seventeenth century. In his quality as governor of Burgundy he had known and befriended Bossuet for many years. Probably for that reason Louis XIV desired that Bossuet should eulogize him. The ceremony took place at Notre Dame of Paris, magnificently decorated for the occasion with arms, escutcheons, portraits, triumphal arches and a mausoleum, and hung with the flags Condé and Turenne had won from the enemy. See page 193, lines 25-32.

3. Monseigneur. Henri-Jules de Bourbon (1643–1709), eldest son of Condé, and succeeding to his title.

Page 161.1. leurs seules actions, etc. of "let her own works praise her in the gates"

Perhaps a paraphrase (Proverbs xxxi, 31). 2. du plus grand, etc. Louis XIV, called below Louis le Grand. 3. qui a honoré la maison de France. Condé was the first prince of the blood, being the great grandson of the Huguenot leader Condé, of the sixteenth century, who was uncle to Henry IV of France.

4. Louis le Grand.

city of Paris in 1680.

This title was conferred on Louis XIV by the

5. représentations. Probably an allusion to the catafalque and its covering.

6. C'est vous, etc.

Page 162.

Psalm cxliv, I.

-1. ces princes. The new Prince of Condé, his son, the Duke of Bourbon, and his cousin, the Prince of Conti, who represented the family at the ceremony.

2. ce religieux pontife. The Archbishop of Paris, François de Harlay (1625-1695), who officiated at the mass.

3. excellente

=

supérieure. The Latin excellens. In this Oration even more perhaps than in the one on Madame, the meanings of Latin words encroach on their French derivatives.

4. Premier Prince du Sang. Bossuet has united the exordium

and the division of his Oration. They were separated in the Oration on Madame.

5. un Cyrus. The Cyrus who founded the Persian empire (†a. 529 B. C.). In Mlle de Scudéry's novel of Artamène ou le Grand Cyrus (1649-1653) the hero, Cyrus, was Condé himself. Cf. page 137, note 3.

Page 163.1. Tu n'es pas encore, etc. A paraphrase of Isaiah xlv, I-7.

2. Le voyez-vous, etc.

3. A sa vue, etc.

Daniel viii, 5.

Daniel viii, 6–7.

4. durant la minorité d'un roi de quatre ans. Louis XIV was born in 1638. Louis XIII died in 1643. The government from this date to the majority of Louis XIV (1651) was in the hands of Anne of Austria and Mazarin.

5. sera = = viendra.

6. le duc d'Enghien. The title of the eldest son in the Condé family.

Page 164. 1. les vieillards expérimentés. Reference to the generals who advised against attacking the enemy before Rocroy.

2. Rocroy, Rocroi. Town in the Ardennes department, where Condé won a victory over the Spaniards in 1643. Notice the remarkable description which follows. Mlle de Scudéry had also described Rocroi in le Grand Cyrus.

3. Don Francisco de Mellos (1611-1665). Governor of the Spanish Netherlands and commanding a division at Rocroi.

4. cet autre Alexandre. Alexander is said to have slept soundly the night before Arbela (331 B. C.), where he defeated Darius.

5. étonner, strike like a thunderbolt. The older, root meaning. 6. Restait cette redoutable infanterie. Here begins one of the finest oratorical passages in literature.

Page 165.

-1. Fontaines. Pedro, count de Fuentès (15601643), Spanish general of French origin.

2. Bek. Johann, baron von Beck (1588-1648), a distinguished general in the Spanish service and governor of Luxemburg. See page 179, lines 2-4.

3. courages = cœurs, as often in the seventeenth century.

4. Lens. Town in the department of Pas-de-Calais. Victory won there by Condé in 1648. See page 178, line 27--page 179, line 4.

Page 166.

-1. Thionville. Town of Lorraine, ceded to Germany

in 1871. Condé took it three months after Rocroi.

2 La cour, etc. Condé's demeanor on his return to Paris was somewhat more exacting than Bossuet admits. He refused to return to the army until the queen regent had promised to restore to him the Chantilly estate of his family.

Page 167.-1. Ce n'est pas, etc. The seventeenth century often wrote c'est even with plural predicates. See, however, c'étaient, page 166, line 31. The passage is an allusion to the German campaign of 1644-1645, in and near the Black Forest.

2. Merci. Francis, count Mercy (1598-1645), a distinguished Austrian general of the Thirty Years' War.

3. Fribourg. Freiburg in Breisgau (Baden), taken by Mercy, July 28, 1644, and attacked a week later by Condé and Turenne.

4. Turenne. Henri, viscount Turenne (1611–1675). Marshal of France, and with Condé the greatest general of the time. Bossuet had converted him from Protestantism.

5. Machabée. Allusion to the martial Jewish family of the Maccabees who flourished in the second century before Christ. The quotation which follows is from Isaiah lxiii, 5. Cf. page 181, line 13.

Page 168.

1. Philisbourg, Philipsburg, in Baden, taken September 9, 1644. It was held by France until its capture by the Austrian army in 1676. It was restored to France by the peace of 1678.

2. Worms, Spire, Mayence, Landau. north of Strasburg.

3. Nordlingue, Nördlingen, in Bavaria. and Turenne over Mercy, August 3, 1645.

Towns in the Rhine valley,

Hard-won victory of Condé
See page 180, note 1.

4. qu'une seule. Lerida in Spain, vainly besieged by Condé in

1647.

Page 169.
1. Plus vites, etc. 2 Samuel i, 23.
2. quartiers, camps.

3. d'armer cette tête. Condé had a cuirass, but not a helmet. He wore in battle a hat with white plumes.

4. jusqu'à cette fatale prison. Bossuet has now come to Condé's career during the civil wars of the Fronde (1648-1653). At first Condé was loyal to the queen regent, but hostile to Mazarin's influence. He was imprisoned at Vincennes during 1650 for his arrogant bearing.

Page 170. -1. Mais sans vouloir excuser, etc. Set at liberty in February, 1651, Condé proceeded to raise a revolt in the south of France and summoned the Spaniards to his aid. See line 17.

2. de l'Empire. The Holy Roman or German Empire.

3. Namur. Town of Belgium.

4. l'archiduc. Leopold William of Austria, brother of the emperor, Ferdinand III.

5. lieu tiers, neutral ground. What is meant is that Condé would not meet the Archduke either in the latter's quarters or his own, but in a third place which belonged to neither.

6. duc d'Enghien. Condé's eldest son, born in 1643. Condé had succeeded to his title of Prince of Condé through the death of his own father in 1646. See page 163, note 6.

Page 171. — 1. dominait, was the ruler, had authority.

2. au roi d'Angleterre. Charles II.

3. au duc d'Yorck. James II of England, Charles's younger brother, who succeeded him in 1685 and was deposed in 1688.

4. et il apprit, etc. Saint-Simon relates in his Mémoires that Condé rebuked Don Juan, bastard of Spain and governor of the Netherlands, for his disrespectful treatment of the exiled Charles by inviting him and Charles to dinner and having the table laid for Charles alone, Condé serving.

5. traité des Pyrénées. Between France and Spain, in 1659. Spain threatened, if Condé was not pardoned by Louis, to present him with territory in Flanders. See page 173, note 3.

6. Cambrai. Town in the department of the Nord.

7. le passage du Rhin. In the campaign of 1672 against the Dutch, the French troops led by Louis XIV in person forded a branch of the Rhine near Aerdt, with very slight resistance on the part of the enemy. But this insignificant affair was for various reasons regarded as a wonder by the French, and was immortalized in poetry, sculpture and painting.

Page 172. -I. Senef. Seneffe in southern Belgium. Drawn battle between Condé and William of Orange in 1674. See page 176, lines 7-20.

2. rien ne manquerait, etc. The young duke, as a matter of fact, showed no aptitude for military art.

3. se redoublaient

=

redoublaient. No longer reflexive.