History of Europe: From the Commencement of the French Revolution in MDCCLXXXIX [i.e. 1789] to the Restoration of the Bourbons in MDCCCXV [i.e. 1815], Volume 6

Blackwood, 1847

From inside the book

Selected pages

CHAPTER XXIII	1

Plans of the Directory Bernadotte and Delmas join Napoleon	2

Preparations of the Imperialists Great spirit in the hereditary states 4 Napoleon anticipates the arrival of the Austrian veterans and dangers of that plan...	3

Errors of the Austrian plan of operations	5

Description of the theatre of war Its mountains roads and rivers	6

Napoleon resolves to turn the Austrian right	7

Napoleons proclamation to his soldiers	8

Great interest excited in Europe by the approaching contest and character of the opposite generals	9

Their measures to bring on a contest with the Swiss diet	139

land	140

ib	141

Napoleon at length succeeds in exciting a flame	144

Powerful effect which his measures produce in the subject cantons 45 First open acts of hostility	146

Hostilities commence in the Pays de Vaud	148

Resolute conduct of the senate of Berne	150

Commencement of hostilities	151

French finances National bankruptcy	10

Passage of the Tagliamento	11

Massena makes himself master of the Col de Tarwis on the left Des perate actions there It is finally won by the republicans	12

Bayalitchs division is surrounded and compelled to surrender	13

Napoleon crosses the ridge of the Alps Occupies Klagenfurth	14

Successful operations of Joubert in the Tyrol	15

Desperate action at the pass of Clausen which is at length carried	16

Joubert advances to Sterzing General alarm in the Tyrol	17

He marches across to join Napoleon at Klagenfurth	18

Perilous condition notwithstanding of Napoleon	19

He in consequence makes proposals of peace to the Archduke	20

And at the same time severely presses the retreating Imperialists	21

Terror excited by these disasters	22

Preliminaries agreed to at Leoben	23

Disastrous state of the French in Croatia and Tyrol and extreme danger of Napoleon	24

Great central chain of the St Gothard	25

But they fail now in rousing the people	26

Valleys of the Rhone the Rhine and the Inn	27

State of Venice at this period	28

General want of practicable roads through the country at this period	29

Savage state of Switzerland in the time of the Romans	30

Office of Bey and the Janizaries	35

Decisive battle at Magnano	36

Barthélemy is chosen a director in lieu of Letourneur and joins Carnot 94	37

Progress of the negotiation	40

Which is speedily suppressed by the French troops Massacre	41

Description of the theatre of war	42

Measures of Napoleon He resolves to support the republicans	43

The populace still endeavour to resist the subjugation of the state	47

Part of the Austrian left wing is detached into Lombardy	48

12	49

Hostilities stopped by the armistice of Leoben	53

Character of these troops and their commander	54

Vigorous and despotic measures of the Directory	55

Arguments by which they were roused by the clergy	58

Secret measures of Napoleon to produce it The revolutionists	59

His vast influence with the soldiers	60

Terrible retribution which awaited France	61

erland	64

The terms are at length agreed	65

Moreau retires to Alexandria and Turin	66

Attack on the Papal states Miserable state of the Pope	70

Suwarroff spreads over the whole of Piedmont and Lombardy	72

Reflections on these rapid successes of the Allies	73

ཋ ཥཱཾ བ ལྔ ུ ཋ རྞ ཋཋཋཀྰྕཌྒུ 14	75

15	76

17	77

18	78

ib 19	79

Conditions of the preliminaries agreed to 9th April at Judemberg 27 Enormous injustice of this treaty as far as regards Venice	80

Macdonalds advance First combats with the Republicans 376	81

The whole Papal states are revolutionised	82

The two armies meet on the Trebbia First and indecisive action there 377	83

Battle of the Trebbia and success of the Russians on the second day	84

Singular nocturnal combat on the second night	85

Preparations of both parties for battle on the third day	86

Desperate conflict on the Trebbia	87

He is at length forced to abdicate and retire to Sardinia	88

Victory remains with the Russians Excessive loss on both sides	89

The disastrous retreat of the French over the Apennines	90

Successful operations during the battle of Moreau against Bellegarde	91

Fall of the citadel of Turin	92

Moreau retreats on Suwarroff turning against him and Macdonald regains Genoa after a painful circuit	93

Reorganisation of both French armies under Moreau	94

Dispersed situation of the French troops	95

Naval efforts of the Directory to get back the army from Egypt which come to nothing	96

Expulsion of the Republicans from Naples and bloody revenge of the Royalists	97

Violation of the capitulation by the Neapolitan court and Nelson con	98

His surprising success	101

CHAPTER XXV	115

ib 125	125

ib	128

ib	134

ib	135

Early influence of the religious houses in spreading cultivation 32 Immense blessings occasioned by the diffusion of land among the peasants	136

Equity and beneficial effects of the former Swiss government 34 Statistics of the Swiss cantons ib 138 38 Inequality of political rights in the different...	138

treasures	154

Description of Naples Beauty of the bay	194

Romantic character of the city itself	195

Peculiar character of the lazzaroni of Naples	196

Its capabilities for defence ib 108 Indignation which the armistice excites among the Neapolitan populace	197

Advance of the French against Naples	198

Desperate resistance of the Lazzaroni and frightful combats before the capital	199

The French force the gates and forts bloody conflicts in the streets	200

Establishment of the Parthenopeian republic	201

State of Ireland Reflections on the melancholy history of that country	202

Great effects of the rule of James I in Ireland	203

Causes of this failure of all attempts to pacify it Confiscation of its lands	204

The Irish are as yet unfit for free privileges	205

Which is the real cause of their misery	206

Intimate union formed by Irish malcontents with France	207

Revolutionary organisation established throughout Ireland ib 121 Combination of Orangemen to uphold British connexion	208

Treaty of the Irish rebels with France	209

Ignorance of the English government of the danger id	210

Various actions with the insurgents and their total rout at Vinegar Hill	211

Nugatory efforts of the Directory to revive the insurrection	212

Firmness of the British government at this period	213

Maritime affairs of the year	214

Disputes of France with the United States ib 131 Shameful rapacity of the French government	215

Contributions levied on the Hanse towns by the Directory	216

which leads to a general con federacy against them	217

Progress of the negotiations at Rastadt	218

The secret understanding between France and Austria is made mani fest	219

Universal terror which this treaty awakens in Germany	220

Tumult at Vienna and insult to the French ambassador	221

Conferences opened at Seltz	222

Which issue in a rupture between Austria and France ib 141 Financial measures of the Directory to meet the approaching hos tilities	223

Fair opportunity afforded to France of pursuing a pacific system after	224

CHAPTER XXVI	226

Limited estimates for the year in Britain	262

Growing discontents of the army	266

The LOrient blows	273

Disastrous effects of this blow to the French army	279

Expedition of Napoleon to the Red Sea	285

Unpardonable atrocity of this act	291

Vast designs which this defeat frustrated	302

His adherence to the same view through life	303

Battle of Mount Thabor	304

Poisoning the sick at Jaffa It was justifiable	305

The army regains Egypt	306

Contests in Egypt during Napoleons absence	307

Great discontents in the army	308

Landing of the Turks in Aboukir Bay	309

Force of the invaders	310

Position which the Turks occupied ib 105 Napoleons dispositions for an attack First line carried	311

Defeat of the Turks	312

Napoleon is made acquainted with the disasters of the Republic in Europe and seeretly sets sail for Europe	313

He steers along the coast of Africa	314

He lands at Ajaccio in Corsica Sets sail avoids the English fleet and lands in France	315

Proof which the Egyptian expedition affords of the superiority of superiority of civilised to savage arms	316

CHAPTER XXVII	318

Preparations of Austria and Russia ib 3 Treaty of alliance offensive and defensive between England and Russia	319

Income tax is imposed by Mr Pitt	320

Observations on the expedience of this tax ib 6 Land and sea forces voted by Parliament	321

Universal discontent at the French government	322

State of the military forces of France ib 9 Their disposition over the theatre of approaching war	323

Forces of the Imperialists and their disposition	324

Principle of the warfare on both sides ib 12 Ruinous effects of the invasion of Switzerland and Italy to the French military power	325

The French commence hostilities	326

Operations in the Grisons	327

The French are at first successful ib 16 The Austrians are driven back with great loss into the Tyrol	328

Great successes of Dessoles and Lecourbe	329

But Massena is defeated in repeated attacks on Feldkirch	330

Jourdan receives a check from the Archduke Charles	331

Importance of this success ib 21 Position of the French at Stockach	332

Defeat of the French	335

Renewal of the siege of Acre	376

curs in these iniquitous proceedings Deplorable fate of Prince Carraccioli	389

And on the inferences to be drawn from the campaign	390

In strategy the possession of the valleys secures that of the mountains	391

Selfish desires which at this period paralysed all the operations of the Allies	392

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History of Europe: From the Commencement of the French Revolution ..., Volume 6
Archibald Alison
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Common terms and phrases

18th Fructidor Adige Alps ambassador amidst ancient Ancona April Archduke arms artillery assignats attack Austrian Barras Berne Bour campaign cantons capital Carinthia Carnot cavalry CHAP Cisalpine Republic command commenced Conf conquest constitution contest Corresp Councils danger declared defence Directory division effect Egypt Emperor enemy established Europe excited favour forces formidable France freedom French army French Directory French troops Genoa hostilities hundred Imperialists inhabitants instantly insurgents insurrection Italian Italy Jacobins length Leoben liberty Lombardy March Massena ment Mign military monarchy mountains Naples Napoleon Paris Parl passions patriots Pays de Vaud peace Pichegru possession principles prisoners received Republican resistance Revolution revolutionary Rhine Rome Royalists secret Senate soldiers soon speedily spirit success Swiss Switzerland Tarwis territory thousand tion towns treaty treaty of Tolentino Tyrol utmost valley Vaud Venetian government Venice victory whole XXIII XXIV

Bibliographic information

Title	History of Europe: From the Commencement of the French Revolution in MDCCLXXXIX [i.e. 1789] to the Restoration of the Bourbons in MDCCCXV [i.e. 1815], Volume 6 History of Europe: From the Commencement of the French Revolution in MDCCLXXXIX [i.e. 1789] to the Restoration of the Bourbons in MDCCCXV [i.e. 1815], Sir Archibald Alison
Author	Sir Archibald Alison
Publisher	Blackwood, 1847
Original from	Harvard University
Digitized	14 May 2008

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History of Europe: From the Commencement of the French Revolution in MDCCLXXXIX [i.e. 1789] to the Restoration of the Bourbons in MDCCCXV [i.e. 1815], Volume 6

From inside the book

Selected pages

Contents

Other editions - View all

Common terms and phrases

Bibliographic information