decimo ap'd Rippon in d'co Com Ebor' contra dictam d'nam Reginam supremam D’nam suam ex eor' co'i propo'ito et assensu cum magna multitudine gentium ad numerum quatuor mille homin' et ultra modo guerrino armati et arraiat' seip'os illicite falso et proditorie insimul congregaver' et assemblaver' ac guerram publicam et acerrimam versus dictam d'nam Reginam Elizabeth' supremam d'nam suam apud Rippon predictam dicto xvi die Novembris anno undecimo supradicto falso et proditorie paraver' ordinaver' et levaver', De quibus omnibus et singulis proditionibus rebellionibus et conspirationibus pred' cisdicti Thomas Comes Northumbi' et Anna uxor ejus, Carolus Comes Westmerl' Richardus Norton, et Thomas Markenfelde cum multis aliis dictorum falsorum proditorum et rebellatorum predict' per debit' legis formam legitime indictat' et postea superinde legitime utlagat' et attinct' fuer et adhuc existunt prout per seperal' record' inde in Cur' d'ce d'ne Regine nunc coram ip'a Regina remanen' plene liquet de record' cumque post perpetrationem et commissionem nequissimarum proditionu' predictarum in forma pred'ca per ip'os factaru' et commissarum predicti Thomas Comes Northumbr' et Anna uxor ejus, Carolus Comes Westmerl', Richardus Norton et Thomas Markenfelde, ac quamplures alii falsorum proditorum et rebellatorum predict' 20 die Decembris anno Regni d'ce d'ne Regine nunc undecimo pro proditionibus illis extra hoc regnum Angl' in regnum Scotie fugier' et recesser' et ib'm per quosdam proceres. et magnates dicti regni Scotie scil't per Jacobum Ducem Chastle le Roy, Comitem de Huntley, D'num Harris, Dum Hume, D'num de Buclughe et D'num de Fermhurste, et alios Scotos Subditos d'ci Regni Scotie existen'

et conabat sine assensu et agreament' prefat d'ne n're Elizabeth' Regine supreme d'ne sue seip'm conjungere et in Matrimonio copulare cum prefat' Maria nuper Scotorum Regina. Et eisdem de causa et propo'ito ip'e idem Dux pred'co xxiii die Septembris anno undecimo supradicto et diversis aliis diebus et vicibus antea et postea apud Charterhouse pred'cam in Com' Midd' predict' falso subdole et proditorie scripsit diversas literas ad prefatam Mariam nuper Scotorum Reginam et tam easdem l'ras quam diversa signa et pignora voc' Toakens ad illam prefatam Mariam nuper Scotorum Reginam pred'co xxiii. die Septembris anno undecimo supradicto et diversis aliis diebus et vicibus antea et postea falso subdole et proditorie missit. Necnon eodem xxiii. die Septembris anno Regni d'ce Regine xi. supradicto et diversis aliis diebus et vicibus antea et postea apud Charterhouse pred'cam in Com' Midd' predict' falso subdole et proditorie mutuo dedit et accommodavit tam prefat' Marie nuper Scotorum Regine quam amicis et adherentibus suis plures et diversas magnas pecuniarum summas: Necnon a prefat' Maria nuper Scotorum Regina pred'co xxiii. de Septembris anno Regni d'ce d'ne Elizabeth' Regine undecimo supradict' et diversis aliis diebus et vicibus antea et postea apud Charterhouse pred'cam in Com' Midd' predict' diversas literas ac diversa signa et pignora vocat' Toakens falso subdole et proditorie recepit et h'uit licet prefat' Dux turic antea per prefat' d'nam Elizabeth' Reginam super debit' legianc' sue sp'ialit' prohibitus et vetitus fuit quod nullo modo intromittet sive tractaret de maritagio cu' prefat' Maria nuper Scotorum Regina faciend' licet etiam prefatus Dux per diversas litteras et instrument' manu propria ip'ius Ducis script' et per pre-recept' auxiliati et confortati fuer', ac de eadem fat' ducem d'ce d'ne Elizabeth' Regine supreme d'ne sue missa et exhibit' preantea prefat' maritagium penitus recusasset et renuntiasset protestans et affirmans se in eodem maritagio nunquam intromissurum sive aliqualit' processuruin: Et etiam iidem Jur' ulterius super sacr'm suum pred'c'm presentant et dicunt quod cum Thomas Comes Northumbr' nuper de Topclif in Com' Ebor' et Anna uxor ejus, Carolus Comes Westmerl' nuper de Branspeth in Comitatu Dunelm', Richardus Norton nuper de Norton Conyers in Comit' Ebor' armiger, Thomas. Markenfeild nuper de Markenfeld in dict' Com' Ebor' armiger, simul cum aliis falsis proditoribus rebellatoribus et inimicis publicis d'ce d'ne Regine Elizabeth' Deum pre oculis suis non habentes nec debitum legiantiar' suarum ponderant' sed Instigatione diabolica seduct' machinantes devisantes et conspirantes d'cam d'nam Reginam Elizabeth' de regali Statu titulo et potestate Regni sui Angl' dejicere et dishereditare, necnon eand'm d'nam Reginam ad mortem et finalem destructionem adducere et ponere ea intentione ut illas proditiones conspirationes et imaginationes suas perimplerent et ad effectum redigerent decimo sexto die Novembris anno Regni d'ce d'ne Regino nunc un

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d'na Regina Elizabeth' detent' in et versus quos proceres et magnates pred'cos d'ci Regni Scotie eadem d'na Elizabeth' Regina postea pro cadem causa per prenobilem Thomain Comiten Sussex ejusdem d'ne Regine in partibus borealibus locu' tenen' suum generalem cum potenti et forti exercitu armatorum hominum apertam et publicam guerram proclamavit levavit et fecit, tanquam versus hostes et inimicos suos et regni sui Anglic, rac'one cujus guerre prefat' Carolus Comes Westmerl' Anna uxor dicti Thome Comitis Northumbr' Richardus Norton et Thomas Markenfielde a predicto Regno Scotie usque Antverpia in partibus Brabantie fugier' recesser' et transferaver', ac ib’dem Carolus Comes Westmerl' Anna uxor dicti Thome Comitis Northumbr' Richardus Norton et Thomas Markenfeilde contra legiantiarum suarum, debit' morabant' in manifestum contempt' d'ce domine Regine nunc et legum suarum, Pred'cus tamen Thomas Dux Norf'k premissorum non ignarus sed ea omnia et singula in forma pred'ca bene et perfecte intelligens et sciens 6 die August' anno regni d'ce d'ne Elizabeth' Regine duodecimo supradicto apud Charterhouse pred'cam in Com' Midd' predict' ac diversis aliis diebus et vicibus antea et postea pred'co Carolo Comiti Westmerl' ac pre

prefat' Georgio Comite Salop preclari ordinis Garterii milite et hac vice Anglie Senescallo apud Westmonaster' in magna aula pl'itorum ib'm ven' predict' Thomas Dux Norf' sub custod' prefati Owini Hopton Milit' locum tenen' d'ne Regine dicte Turris London' in cujus custod' preantea ex causa predicta & allis certis de causis commissus fuit ad barram hic duct' in propr' persona sua, qui committit' prefato locumtenenti, &c. Et statim de omnibus et singulis sep'alibus proditionibus, pred'cis sibi superius seperatim impo'it alloquut' qualiter se velit inde acquietari, dicit quod ipse in nullo est inde culpabil' et inde de bono et malo pon' se super pares suos, &c.

d'ce d'ne Elizabeth' Regine xiij supradict' apud Charterhouse pred'cam in Com' Midd' predict' falso et proditorie recepit et h'uit et eand'm adtunc et ib'm prefat' Will'mo Barker servienti suo in P'ras cognitas et comm's reducend' et decipherand' Anglic' dict' "To be deciphered" lib'avit et dedit, et eand'm l'ram in co'es cognitas litteras reduct' et decipheratam Anglic' dict'"deciphered" ip'e id'm Dux postea xxv die Aprilis anno regni dicte d'ne Elizabet' nunc tertiodecimo supradicto apud Charterhouse pred'cam in dicto Com' Midd' falso et proditorie recepit inspexit et perlexit et penes se adtunc et ib'm falso et proditorie retinuit et servavit, per quam quidem l'ram predictus Robartus Ridolphie eidem Thome Duci Norf’k Super quo predicti Reginald' Comes Rand' inter alia significavit eumque certiorum fecit de Will'mus Comes Wigorn' ac ceteri antedicti benigna audientia sua quam ip'e id'm Robartus Comites et Barones, pred'ci Thome Ducis h'uit apud prefat' Ducem de Alva in nequissi-Norf'k pares instant' super corum fidelitatibus mis et proditoriis nuntiis suprad'cis: Et quod id'm Dux de Alva requisivit et voluit amicos et fautores confederationis et p'poit predict' paratos esse quandocunque potentia per dictum Hispaniarum regem mittend' infra hoc Regnu. Anglie applicaret: Et preterea iid'm Jur' super sacr'm suu' pred'cu' presentant et dicunt quod pred'cus Thomas Dux Norf'k xvi die Junii anno regni d'ce d'ne Elizabeth' Regine nunc xiii supradict' apud Charterhouse predict' in Com' Midd' predict' a prefat' Pio quinto Romano episcopo unam l'ram eidem Duci dir'cam falso et proditorie recepit per quam id'm Episcopus Romanus promisit eidem Thome Duci Norf'k auxiliu' et supplementum pro adjuvamine predicto Marie nuper Scotorum Regine, ac pro et ad nequissima et proditoria propo'it' et intentiones predict' exequend' et perficiend' contra legiancie sue debitum ac contra pacem dicte d'ne Elizabeth' nunc Regine Anglie coronam et dignitat' suas et in legum hujus Regni Anglie contempt' manifestum. Nec non in pessimu' et pernitiosissimu' exemplum omniu' aliorum in tali casu delinquen' ac contra formam diversorum Statut' in hujusmodi casu editor' et provisor' &c.

Et modo scil' d'co instantis die Martii, viz. xvj die Januarii anno xiiij supradicto coram

et legianciis dicte d'ne Regine debit' per prefatum Senescallum Anglie ab inferiore pare usque ad suprema' pai'm illorum seperatin publice examinat' quilib't corum seperatim dic' quod predictus Thomas Dux Norf'k de seperalibus p'ditio'b's predictis sibi separatim die' quod predictis sibi seperatim in forma predicta superius impo'it est inde culpabil' modo et forma prout per seperales indictament' predict' superius suppo', &c.

Super quo instanter Servien' d'ne Regine ad legem, at icsius d'ne Regine Attorn' just' debit' legis formam petunt versus cundem Thomam Ducem Norf'k judicium et executionem superinde pro d'ca d'na Regina h'end' &c.

Et super hoc vis' et per Cur' bic intellect' omnibus et singulis premissis Con' est quod | predictus Thomas Dux Nort’k_ducat' per prefat' Locumtenen' usque dict' Turrim London' et deinde per mediu' Civitat' London' usque ad furcas de Tiborne trahatur et ib'm suspendat et vivens ad terram prosternat' ac interiora sua extra ventrem suu' capiant' ip'oq' vivente comburent', et caput ejus amputetur quodque corpus ejus in quatuor partes dividat', ac quod caput et quarteria illa ponantur ubi d'na Regina ea assignare voluerit, &c.

57. The Trial of Mr. ROBERT HICKFORD, (Servant of the Duke of Norfolk), at the Queen's-Bench, for High Treason: 14 ELIZ. February 9, A. D. 1571. [MS. Brit. Mus. 1427.]

AFTER the reading of the Indictment, being asked by the Clerk of the Crown, if he were Guilty or Not Guilty? He answered to this effect; being admonished to speak higher, whereunto he excused himself by the lowness

of his voice:

Hickford. I am here indicted of divers points of High-Treason, part whereof I deny, for that I was never privy to the same: my fact, such as it is, I am ready to confess, and declare as I have already confessed it. I am not learned in the law. I know not in what

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form to answer unto it. This only I require

to be heard to declare the truth, so far as the matter toucheth me: I here protest before your honours, and in the presence of God, that I bring a conscience untouched with any intent of hurt, ever conceived by me against the queen's majesty's person or my country; I never meant any such thing in my heart: I know the law hath not intent to the conscience,or intent of men; but is to judge only of the mind, according to the appearing of outward facts; so the law cannot accept my intent for 3 x

seminavit zizania: the good seedsman sowed good seed; but there came the enemy, the evil seedsman, and he sowed darnel, cockle, and noisome weeds. Such wicked seedsmen have been in England; if they had sown the right seed for their own use, the sced of hemp, and felt of it, they had received according to their deserving. God hath sown in you good gifts and qualities, meet to have served any prince in Christendom; but supervenit inimicus, the devil and his ministers, wicked seedsmen, sowed in you darnel and cockle, treason and disloyalty; they have made you forget your duty to your natural prince and country. If these had been handled as they have deserved, they should long ago have had of their own due seed, hemp bestowed upon them, meet seed for such seedsinen; such mischievous seedsmen they be, that corrupt men, otherwise well indued, that sow treason so abundantly in this realm. O strange matter! that such Treasons should be, and so ripe in this realm; a common slander to this realm of England, the Treasons of England are every where talked of among strange nations: For proof of it they refer us to our histories of

Confession to be entered, and Judgment to be given against thee, according to the order of the laws; so nothing resteth now but Judgment to be given against thee, and that thou hear thy Judgment. A few words for good admonition shall serve: Thou art a gentleman, wise, and well learned, I would to God there had been in thee as much loyalty and truth, as there is learning, and other good qualities and gifts of God, then hadst thou not fallen into this great fault and misery. But there have been evil enticers, evil school masters, evil seedsmen, as one called them here last day; they have brought thee from truth and good estate, to untruth, treason, and wretchedness; where before thou and others were of good name and fame, they have brought you to infamy; of loyal, good, and true subjects, they brought you to the name and state of disloyal traitors: A great blot to be a Traitor, and the greatest infamy that can be. It is the chiefest point of the duty of every natural and reasonable man, which by the gift of reason differeth from a beast, to know his prince and head, to be true to his head and prince. All the members are bound to obey the head; every man is bound to repair life, to lay out and expend goods, lands, and posses-H. 2. Ed. 2. Ric. 2. Ed. 5. and so prove the oft sions, to forsake father, mother, kindred, wife, and children, in respect of preserving the prince; for in defending the prince, they preserve father, mother, kindred, wife, children, and all. It was well and wisely spoken here the last day, by one that stood at the bar, that was learned and as wise as you are, upon his confessing of himself guilty of Treason against his prince; I would he had had as much truth and loyalty, as he had of learning and understanding, in few words, he comprehended a great heap of matter concerning the duty of the subject to the prince. All the duties, said he, to father, mother, friends, kindred, children, yea to a man's wife, that is his own flesh, are all inferior to the duty that a subject oweth to his prince, for this duty comprehendeth them all. In respect of duty to the prince, and preserving the prince, neither wife, parent, nor other are to be regarded, they must all stand behind. If in any case, any respect shall allure a man from loyalty and truth to his prince, they must be forsaken, they must come behind; it must be said, Vade post me, Satana. We must first look unto God the high prince of all princes, and then to the queen's majesty the second prince, and God's deputy, and our sovereign prince on earth. In these few words he comprehended much matter, he satisfied the hearers for their duty to the queen's majesty. You are wise and learned as he was, and for knowledge of duty and understanding as much bound to God as he; but the evil seedsmen, the evil inticers and seducers have wrought evil effect in you both, the great good seedsman hath sowed in you good gifts, learning, knowledge, and good quality, to serve him, your prince and your country withal, as it is said in the gospel, Bonus seminator seminavit semen bonum; but supervenit inimicus et

practices in this realm to murder and depose our princes, to the great infamy and slander of our country. The very regard of our country's fame, that this great slander of treason should not by your fault have been renewed and increased against us, if nothing else would, it should have staid you from so foul dealing in treason. But is this sowing of treason lawfu for any? May embassadors be such seedsmen ? Be these the parts of embassadors? They have their articles in law, by which they are bound, let them do as law will let them. If they will transgress these, and fall to treason, and procure the danger of princes, let them feel as law will. I can shew you a precedent and history for it within memory, about 37 or 38 years ago, about the 25th Hen. 8. it was done by the duke of Milan. The French king, that then was, Francis, grand-father to the French king that now is, sent one M. de Marveilles to the duke of Milan as his ambassador: this M. de Marseilles, the French king's ambassador, conspired Treason against the state and the duke of Milan; the duke understood it, be caused him to be arraigned after the order of their law, and being found guilty, he beheaded him: and this jure gentium was lawfully done. May Messengers conspire Treason against princes to whom they be sent? Treason to princes is not their message, it is no lawful cause of their sending; if of their own heads they presume it, they must by law be touched and taught to keep them within their duties. As for them that seek fame by Treason, and by procuring the destruction of princes, where shall sound that fame? Shall the golden Trumpof Fame and good Report, that Chaucer speaketh of? No; but the black Trump of Shame shall blow out their infamy for ever. Again, these that follow such heinous Treasons, that bring forth the fruit of such seeds as such wicked