accomplish their purpose without having recourse to hostilities. Lord Exmouth accordingly was sent to Algiers, and Sir Thomas Maitland to Tunis, early in the season, with a view to procure some amicable arrangement with the respective governments of these states. These distinguished officers obtained without difficulty many important concessions; a great number of slaves were immediately set at liberty; and, although the demand of entirely abolishing Christian slavery for the future was not immediately complied with, the most solemn assurances were given that an immediate communication should be made on that subject with the Ottoman Porte, (whose authority the Moorish governors were now ambitious of recognising,) and that if the Grand Seignior chose to express his disapprobation, the practice should be put an end to forever. To this the English commanders agreed, and Lord Exmouth immediately returned with his fleet to England, supposing that the object of his voyage had been accomplished. At Algiers, however, the show of submission had been merely assumed for the purposes of the moment, and no sooner were the English squadrons out of sight, than the banditti began to scour the seas as of old: while the Dey sought the means of confirming his power, by opening negociations with the Porte, the Emperor of Morocco, and the Pasha of Egypt. It is even said, that while the English negociator was still at Algiers, the Janizaries held a consultation respecting the propriety of cutting him to pieces while passing to his ship from the Paschalick. The cup of their iniquity, however, was not full till the 31st of May, on which day a massacre of Christians took place at Bona, scarcely exceeded in horror by any that is on record in history. Whether, as it is asserted, by the intelligent Italian traveller Pananti, this scene of cruelty occurred in consequence of positive command from the government of Algiers, or whether it was but the unbidden ebullition of the ferocious passions of the Algerine Janizaries, it is not easy to ascertain; nor is perhaps the distinction of much importance. In the neighbourhood of that city, once the scene of a signal triumph over the Moors by the forces of Spain, there are annually assembled, under the protection of the Dey, a great number of small boats from all the coasts of the Mediterranean, for the purposes of coral fishing. On the day above mentioned, some hundreds of the poor fishermen employed in this traffiic were on shore at prayers at noon tide, when of a sudden they were alarmed by the wild cries, with which African soldiers are wont to rush into battle, and, before they could escape to their boats, they found themselves surrounded by a large body of Janizaries and Moors. These barbarians, animated with a blind and bestial rage, massacred the whole of this unoffending multitude in cold blood, and withdrew in triumph, as if they had, by this cowardly atrocity, vindicated the honour of their country, which they had supposed to be much injured by the late negociations.

The news of this outrage reached England very shortly after the return of Lord Exmouth, and convinced both him and the government, that the conciliating manner of the preceding negociations, however benevolently intended, had in fact, led only to the most cruel of results. It was immediately determined that Lord Exmouth should return to Algiers, with a formidable armament, and take vengeance for the infraction of the treaty he had so recently concluded. He set sail accordingly with the folowing force;-the Queen Charlotte, (his own flag ship) 110 guns; Impregnable, 92; Superb, 74; Minden, 74; Albion, 74; Leander, 50; Severn, 40; Glasgow, 40; Granicus, 36; Hebrus, 36; Heron, 18; Mutine, 18; Prometheus, 18; besides several smaller vessels, provided with Congreve rockets and Shrapnel shells. This armament was assembled in safety at Gibraltar by the beginning of August, where they were joined by a Dutch squadron of five ships, under the command of Admiarl Van de Capellen, who were desirous of aiding in the purpose of the expedition, and whose aid was very gladly accepted by the British admiral.

Before proceeding to Algiers, Lord Exmouth dispatched the Prometheus (Captain Dashwood) for the purpose of bringing away, if possible, the English consul and his family. Captain Dashwood found, on his arrival, that the suspicions of the Dey had already been excited, in respect to the destination of the British armament, and that vigorous measures of defence had been adopted by him and his council of regency. It even appeared, that some private intelligence had reached Algiers respecting the particular plan of attack which his lordship had agreed upon; for the point against which he had resolved to bring his principal force, was found to be receiving every additional strength which could in so short a time be thrown around it. The British captain, however, waited immediaely upon the Dey, who informed him, that he was well aware of Lord Exmouth's designs, and well prepared to make a proper defence against whatever armament might be brought to Algiers. Captain Dashwood disguised his knowledge of the truth; and being permitted to visit the consul's house, succeeded in conveying that gentleman's wife and daughter out of the city, in the disguise of naval uniforms. An infant child of the consul was to follow in a basket, but happening to cry out in passing the gate, was discovered and carried back to the city. "The child," said Lord Exmouth," was sent off next morning by the Dey- a solitary instance of humanity, which ought not to pass unrecorded." The consul himself was already in confinement, nor would the Dey listen to any proposal for releasing him, There could now be no longer any concealment of the admiral's designs, and accordingly, as soon as the winds permitted, the whole combined force broke up from Gibraltar; they were tossed about for some

time, however did not arrive in sight of Algiers till the morning of the 27th of August.

Being becalmed at some distance off the bay, Lord Exmouth dispatched a boat with a flag of truce to the Dey, carrying a statement of the demands which his government had instructed him to make. These were in substance,-I. The immediate delivery up of all Christian slaves without ransom. II. The restitution of all the money which had been received from Sardinian and Neapolitan captives, since the beginning of the year. III. A solemn declaration from the Dey, that he would respect in future the rights of humanity, and treat all prisoners taken in war according to the usage of the European nations. IV. Peace with the King of the Netherlands, on the like terms as with England. The officer who carried these proposals was directed to wait two or three hours for the answer, at which time, if no reply was sent, he was to return to his lordship's flag ship. He was met near the Mole by the captain of the port, who agreed upon two hours as the period within which the answer should be ready. In the meantime, the wind springing up, the fleet took advantage of it to reach the bay, and the boats and flotilla were prepared for service as speedily as possible. About two o'clock, Lord Exmouth observing his boat returning with the signal that no answer had been received, the order was immediately given that the ships should proceed to occupy the stations assigned them. The Queen Charlotte led the way, aud was anchored in the entrance of the Mole, at the distance of about fifty yards; the other great ships were arranged immediately around the admiral; and in the rear were stationed the smaller vessels destined to throw bombs and rockets at the enemy's fortifications, over the heads of the other ships. At the moment when the Queen Charlotte took her station at the mouth of the harbour, the whole of the piers were crowded with a multitude of spectators, who seemed to be standing in perfect unconcern, as if unconscious that any fire was to ensue; Lord Exmouth, stationed at the prow of his ship, motioned with his hat for them to retire, but in vain, at length, one or two shots were discharged from the Mole, upon which the Queen Charlotte, being by this time lashed to an Algerine brig immediately without the harbour, opened a most destructive fire, the first round of which carried off many hundreds of the idle crowd upon the Mole. "Thus commenced," says Lord Exmouth, "a fire as animated and well supported, as I believe was ever witnessed-which lasted without intermission from a quarter before three until nine, and which did not entirely cease until half-past eleven." During the whole of this firing, nothing could exceed the coolness and precision with which the British kept up their destructive attack. Nor did the enemy evince any symptoms of irresolution in their defence. A fire was maintained from innumerable batteries on the Mole itself,

and from the higher parts of the city, which occasioned to the besiegers a loss of 800 men, and which could not have failed to produce a far more extensive carnage, had the obstinacy of the Algerines been aided by any skill in the management and direction of their artillery.

About 10 o'clock, the batteries around the admiral were completely silenced, and he began to draw off his fleet from the reach of the few shells which the enemy were still throwing on them from a fort in the upper angle of the city. Having removed further out into the bay, he was joined once more by Admiral Van de Capellen, whose squadron had been of considerable service during the action, by keeping various lateral batteries from bearing upon the ships engaged at the mouth of the harbour. The loss of the Algerines was estimated at about seven thousand

men.

Next morning the spectacle of desolation presented by the city and harbour was such as to convince Lord Exmouth that the chastisement inflicted must have lowered abundantly the tone of the Dey and his advisers. He sent in therefore a letter to the Dey, in which, after stating that the destruction of the city had been inflicted, in order to punish him for the massacre of Bona, and the contempt with which the messenger of the preceding day had been treated, he offered him the same terms which had on this last occasion so rashly been rejected. After an interval of three hours, three shots were fired from the citadel, the appointed signal that the Dey, was willing to accept of the terms proposed by Lord Exmouth. The minor parts of the negociation were aranged on board the Queen Charlotte, between the British and Dutch commanders, and the deputies of the Dey. At noon, the whole of the Christian slaves in Algiers were marched to the shore and delivered up to the allies, among whom Capellen had the satisfaction to recognise many of his own countrymen. Nearly four hundred thousand dollars were also paid into their hands, being the amount of ransom money received from Naples and Sardinia since the commencement of the year. Some other articles of dispute being arranged to his satisfaction, Lord Exmouth at last drew off his fleet, leaving behind him lasting marks of the severest lesson which the Algerines ever had received the whole of their navy annihilated, and one half of their city reduced to a heap of ruins.

The news of this event was received in England, and indeed throughout all Europe, with the satisfaction which might naturally be expected to follow so righteous a victory. At home, Lord Exmouth and the officers of his fleet received all the usual tributes of honour; the admiral himself was thanked in his place by the Chancellor, at command of the peers. Abroad, more particularly upon the shores of the Mediterranean, a wide joy was diffused, by the hope that the outrages of the Barbary pirates were now for ever at an end.

Ever since the Congress of Vienna, but more particularly ever since the termination of the expedition under Lord Exmouth, speculators in politics have found a favourite theme, in expatiating on the propriety of some general combination among the powers of Christendom, to conquer and colonise the coast of Barbary. The easy access afforded by six hundred leagues of coast, abounding every where in excellent harbours, the fertility of the soil, which once entitled this region to be called the granary of Europe, but finally, and chiefly, the unpopularity of the present governments, have been enlarged upon, as furnishing the best of motives for the undertaking, and of means for the success of this invasion. Whether any such invasion is likely ever to take place, we cannot pretend to offer any opinion; but the whole condition of this part of the world is such, that it would require greater credulity than we possess, to believe it possible that, at the lapse of another century, the sovereignty shall be found in the same hands which have so long abused it. There are many things in the present situation of several of the European kingdoms, (above all in that of Spain) which seem to us to render it far from improbable, that the colonization of Northern Africa' may, ere long, be undertaken by some Christian power. Upon whomever the lot may fall, the honour will not surely be inconsiderable, of restoring to Christendom a region which once possessed no less than six hundred Bishops; and which, in the hands of Carthagenians, Romans, and Saracens, has already exhibited so many specimens of all that renders any region either glorious or prosperous. The Italian traveller, whom we have already referrerl, mentions most positively the existence of a superstitious belief among the inhabitants of Barbary, that their country i sdestined to be conquered on a Friday by Christian soldiers clothed in red. The influence of this belief is, it seems, so great, that perpetual watch is kept every Friday from the towers sea-ward, and the gates of every city upon the coast are closed with marks of particular precaution. Our readers must remember the effects produced on the empire of the Yncas of Peru, by the existence of a belief among those people, apparently of the very same nature with this. We shall perhaps incur some chance of ridicule by mentioning this superstition at all; but, if it does exist, it is easy to observe what advantage might be taken of it by a crafty invader.

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ART. VI.-Recollections of a Voyage to Italy in the year 1800. MR. OLDSCHOOL,

In the early part of my life, I was accustomed, as you know, to pass my winters in Philadelphia, and the rest of the year in the country. I spent the greater part of 1799 in rambling through the wilderness which now forms the States of Ohio, Indiana,