APPENDICES. APPENDIX A. § 533. Orthography of Quotations. Except in one respect, the system adopted by M. Littré has been followed:* in all quotations taken from authors to the 16th century inclusive, the original spelling has been more or less retained in all those taken from authors after the 16th century the spelling and accentuation have been completely modernized. + This seems the best compromise, for it would answer no useful purpose to quote such well-known authors as Corneille, Racine, Molière, Bossuet, Madame de Sévigné, etc., etc., exactly as they wrote, or as the printers of the time have left them to us. It may however be interesting to give a few quotations from some of these authors to show how their spelling, etc., differed from ours : Hélas qu'il est déchû de ce bon-heur suprême! Que vous le trouveriés différent de luy-mesme ! Pour luy les plus beaux jours sont de secondes nuits; Hostes infortunés de sa triste demeure, En des goufres de maux le plongent à toute heure. Les atraits enchanteurs de la prospérité ! Dans les palais des Roys cette plainte est commune ; Ses trompeuzes faveurs, ses apas inconstans: Mais on ne les conoît que quand il n'est plus temps. (LA FONTAINE.) M. Littré employs Graphic accents whenever he thinks that it will facilitate the correct reading of the old texts. As only easy quotations have been given, this has not been thought necessary. In a recent edition of Racine and Molière, the spelling oi has been retained; the reason given is curious: the editors" have preferred pointing this out in a note to altering the text." Racine and Molière certainly wrote oi, and so far the text has been preserved, and so far only. Littré is more consistent. he puts ai always. ‡ans, -ens, is still employed side by side with -ants, -ents. Vide Revue des Deux Mondes. "Mes frères, le iour decline, le soleil est sur son panchant, lapostre ne nous donne guere de loisir et uous nauez plus guere de tems pour lui obéir; ne differons pas dauantage une œuvre si necessaire, hastons-nous de donner à Dieu nos ressentimens : le iour de la mort sur lequel on reiette toutes les affaires du salut n'en aura que trop de pressées; commancons de bonne heure a nous preparer les graces qui nous seront necessaires en ce dernier iour et en pardonnant sans delai, asseurons-nous leternelle misericorde du Père, du Fils et du Saint-Esprit." (BOSSUET.) Au milieu des louanges et des complimens que vous receués de tous costés pour le grand seruice que vous venés de rendre à la France, trouués bon, Monseigneur, qu'on vous remercie aussi du grand bien que vous aués faict à l'Histoire, et du soin que vous prenés de l'enrichir. Personne jusqu'ici n'y a trauaillé avec plus de succez que vous, et la bataille que vous venés de gagner fera sans doute un de ses plus magnifiques ornemens. (RACINE AND BOILEAU.) Je lis des vers, je tasche d'en faire, je lis les avantures de l'Arioste; je ne suis pas moi-même sans avanture Mais voilà les massons qui arrivent. ... (RACINE.) Il me donna vostre lettre ecritte de Versailles, et ie ne me contraignis point devant luy de repandre quelques larmes, tellement ameres que ie serois etoufée sil auoit falu me contraindre. Hɑ ma bonne et tres aymable, que le comancement a esté bien vangé. Vous affectes de paroistre une véritable Dulcinée, ha que vous lestes peu, et que iay veu au travers de la peine que vous prenes a vous contraindre cette mesme douleur et cette mesme tandresse qui nous fit repandre tant de larmes en nous separant. (SÉVIGNÉ.) J'ai receu de Monsieur le Secq thresorier de la bourse des Estats du Languedoc la somme de six mille liures a nous accordez par messieurs du Bureau des comptes de laquelle somme e le quitte faict a Pezenas ce vingt-quatriesme iour de feburier 1656 Quittance de six mille liures. (MOLIÈRE.) J'ay le bonheur d'avoir chez moy monsieur labbé de Prades, et jespere que le Roy a son retour de la Silesie luy oportera les provisions d'un bon bénéfice. Je ne scai pas si labbé est heretique, mais il me parait honnete homme, aimable et guai.* (VOLTAIRE.) * The example from Molière is taken from Clarétie's Life of Molière ; the other examples are from Didot's Orthographe française, pp. 395-408 APPENDIX B. § 534. Why sometimes the Nominative and sometimes the Accusative has been given in derivation. It is plain from the considerations given in § 209 that most French nouns have not been derived from the nominative, but from one of the oblique cases. It seems probable from various reasons, which it is not necessary to enumerate here, that it is from the accusative mainly that we have the French. Even if this be not so, it is still necessary to give some case in which the crude form of the Latin noun can be seen; then the accusative may be simply looked upon as a representative oblique case. Still the Latin accusative has not been given regularly for the following reasons among others : (1.) It has been thought advisable, in order to guard against confusion between the masculine and neuter of the second declension, to give the masculine nouns in the nominative and not in the accusative. (2.) Whether in the first declension we give the nominative or accusative seems indifferent (§ 209, B. 2), and the nominative has been preferred. (3.) Some few neuter nouns of the third declension present this difficulty, that the French noun comes from an oblique case other than the accusative. In the absence of any direct evidence as to which of these obliqué cases it is to which we owe the noun, the nominative has been given. APPENDIX C. 6 § 535. Nouns with Irregular' Gender. It has been explained in §§ 156, 232, that (1) most French nouns have in their gender followed the rule of e mute; (2) that a large number have followed the gender of the noun from which they are derived; (3) that a small number have followed neither the one nor the other. The last have been spoken of as "irregular;" but even these admit of being classified and, to some extent, of being explained. 1. The nouns in § 240 have the same origin, and seem to have acquired a double gender after a double meaning was given to them. DD 2. The nouns in p. 154 are from stems of verbs, and have probably followed the rule given in § 158, in preference to the rule of e mute (§ 232): 3. Most names of trees are masculine in French, but feminine in Latin. Many names of trees end in -us; this may be the reason of the change of gender. (Compare période, portique, etc.) 4. La mer (influence of maria) (§ 234); le mensonge (influence of le songe?); le rôle (rotulus?) (§ 260. d); un ongle (unguis?); le malaise (le mal?); le mélange (mélanger?); le store (?) 5. Were regular in Old or Middle French : le merle (§ 231); le diocèse (§ 265); un appendice (§ 253); le cloaque, un arbre (3 above?); le carrosse (§ 265); la dent (8 249); la paroi (§ 243). 6. Abstract nouns in -eur are feminine (§ 247), and la couleur, la vapeur, la fleur, les mœurs, la liqueur, seem to have followed the abstract nouns, but why the masculine Latin abstract nouns in -orem were changed into French feminines, is not apparent. To lists on pp. 136-162 add $230 y la manœuvre, working, etc., le manœuvre, the workman, etc. Aigle (eagle) is masculine when used as a generic term (§ 231). Is also masculine when used figuratively, except in the sense of standard and armorial bearings. Is now feminine when it distinctly means the female. In Old French aiglesse was used. § 230 8 le guide, the guide, guide-book ;* la guide, the rein. 235 le vase, vase (Lat. vas, n.) la vase, slime (Ang. Sax. vase). 235 le cilice, hair-cloth (ciliccio, m.); le frontispice (frontispicium); un orifice (orificium). § 254 un exorde (exordium); un épisode (érelσódiov); un antipode (antipodes, m.). cascos 256 le catarrhe (catarrhus). 260 le râle, death-rattle, (râler); le circle (circulus); le muscle (musculus); un oracle (oraculum); le quadrangle (quadrangulum). 262 le bagne, convict prison, (bagno. m.). 263 le type (typus); un héliotrope (heliotropium). 264 un âtre, hearth (atrium); le chapitre (capitulum); le cintre, arch (cintrum); le martyre martyrdom (martyrium); le goître (guttur, n.); le souffre (sulfur, n.). 265 le colosse (colossus). 266 l'asphalte (asfalto, m.); le dialecte (dialectus); le vote (votum). § 267 un chèque (check, Eng.) le disque (discus); le kiosque, news-stall (kieuc hk, Turkish); un obélisque (¿ßɛλíσкos), un portiquet (porticus, f.); le zodiaque (zodiacus). § 269 un axe (axis, m.); un équinoxe (aequinoctium). * In this sense was feminine in 17th century: La guide des pêcheurs. (MOLIÈRE). † Doublet of le porche, also irregular. APPENDIX D. § 536. Old and Middle French quotations rendered into Modern French.* § 196. Ensi fu li assous devises. Ainsi fut l'assaut arrangé. Quant li estez et la douce saisons. Quand l'été et la douce saison. Ainsi sejornerent le jour et l'endemain (§ 428) en cel palais. Ainsi ils demeurèrent le jour et le lendemain dans ce palais-là. Par la Deu grace (§ 209. A. 2.) qui en la crois fu mis. Espousa rois Pepins Berte la belle et gente. § 198. Li rois les oï volentiers, Par l'âme d'Urpandragon son père, Par celle de son fils et celle de sa mère qu'il irait. § 203. Et li viaux hom li dist. Et le vieil homme lui dit. Je veiz (§ 369) le bon homme vieil presenter le gage. § 207. Puis il s'ecrie a sa vois grant et halte. D'or est la boucle et belle a esgarder. Hui nous defaut (§ 402) la leial compagnie. Qui vaut mieux par raison loial folie ou sage traïson ? * The rendering is as literal as possible. |