on that side of upon, on the top of before, in front of instead of in the middle of by means of even with, at the level of at the peril of at the price of at the risk of at the expense of on this side of in spite of by favour of in presence of for want of out of etc. etc.. etc. for the sake of secure from sheltered from far from § 438. Formation of Prepositions. Prepositions like Adverbs have been obtained from various sources: 1. Directly from Latin Prepositions, sometimes without composition: sans, pour, entre, en, sur, de, à, par, etc.; sometimes with composition: dans, depuis, avant, parmi, dės, derrière, dessus, dessous, etc., etc. 2. From oblique cases of Nouns and Adjectives: sometimes with, sometimes without, composition with de, à, etc.: chez, malgré, vis-à-vis, sauf, loin de, au dedans de, vis-à-vis de, etc. 3. From French Nouns and Adjectives: au lieu de, au bas de, à cause de, le long de, en faveur de, à la merci de, etc., etc. 4. From the Imperative Mood: voici, voi à. 5. From the Past Participle used absolutely excepté, attendu, vu, hormis (§ 456. 4). 6. From the Present Participle used absolutely touchant, pendant, suivant, moyennant, nonobstant. CHAPTER VI.-CONJUNCTIONS. § 439. Conjunctions are of two kinds : 1. Co-ordinate, which join words and sentences, but do not influence mood. 2. Subordinate, which join sentences and do influence mood. § 441. The Subordinate Conjunctions are conveniently divided into Conditional, Concessive, Consecutive, Final, Temporal, Causal, Comparative. Most of these may be again divided into those with which the Indicative or Conditional is usual, and those with which the Subjunctive is usual ($ 467). CONDITIONAL. à condition que, on condition that sinon que, if not that si, if. Subjunctive Mood. à moins que, unless si (before auxiliaries), if pourvu que, provided that CONCESSIVE. Subjunctive Mood. quoique, although encore que, even though nonobstant que, although bien que, although pour peu que, however little si peu que, however little pour que, in order that afin que, in order that de peur que, for fear that de crainte que, lest dès que, from the moment that d'abord que, as soon as * Some Conjunctions take the Infinitive with de, but this depends upon construction. COMPARATIVE. Indicative Mood. ainsi que, as well as ainsi que, as de même que, as, in the same way à mesure que, in proportion as § 442. Interjections, as the name implies, are words thrown into a sentence without influencing its construction. They express: Grief: alas! hélas! aie! oh! etc. Joy: ah! bon! hurrah! etc. Surprise: ah! oh! hem! etc. Various nouns, verbs, adverbs, etc., are employed as |