§ 354.

DIVISION II.

VERBS WITH VARIATIONS, ETC., WHICH HAVE
THEIR ORIGIN IN OLD FRENCH, ETC.

These verbs may be conveniently given in six subdivisions :

SUBDIVISION 1. Verbs which in their principal parts sufficiently show how far they differ from the model verbs. (§ 328.)

SUBDIVISION 2. Verbs which do not in their principal parts sufficiently show how far they differ from the

model verbs, but in which the Future Indicative and Present Conditional stem differs from the ordinary Present stem.

SUBDIVISION 3. Verbs which do not in their principal parts sufficiently show how far they differ from the

model verbs, but in which the Present stem varies according as the tonic accent is on the stem or the ending.

(Compare variations connected with e mute.) ́

SUBDIVISION 4. Verbs which do not in their principal parts sufficiently show how far they differ from the model verbs, but in which not only (a) the Present stem varies according as the tonic accent is on the stem or the ending, but also (B) the Future and Conditional stem is different from the Present stem.

SUBDIVISION 5. Verbs which have peculiarities of various kinds.

SUBDIVISION 6. Verbs which are defective.

Obs. 1.-Most of these verbs are strong, but some are weak (§ 324).

Obs. 2.-When nothing is said to the contrary, the compounds of these verbs are like the simple ones.

Obs. 3.-Nothing is said of the compound tenses. They are always formed as explained in § 330. v.

§ 355. SUBDIVISION I.

Verbs which in their principal parts sufficiently show how far they differ from the model verbs.

(Strong Verbs.)

Rire, to laugh.

Rire, riant, je ris; je ris; ri.

Mettre, to put.

Mettre, mettant, je mets; je mis; mis

Croire, to believe.

Croire, croyant, je crois; je crus cru.

Moudre, to grind.

Moudre, moulant, je mouds; je moulus; moulu.

Résoudre, to resolve.

Résoudre, résolvant, je résous; je résolus; résolu.*

Vivre, to tire.

Vivre, vivant, je vis; je vécus; vécu.

Lire, to read.

Lire, lisant, je lis; je lus; lu.

Taire, to conceal.

Taire, taisant, je tais; je tus; tu. ↑

Conclure, to conclude.

Conclure, concluant, je conclus; je conclus; conclu.

* Like résoudre are absoudre, absolve, dissoudre, dissolve, except that whereas résoudre has for Past Participle résolu and résous (rarely the latter), absoudre, and dissoudre have absous and dissous.

† So plaire, except il plaît,-but il tait. Tu is sometimes written with accent tú, like dû (§ 343).

(Weak Verbs.)

Ouvrir, to open.*

Ouvrir, ouvrant, j'ouvre; j'ouvris; ouvert.

Écrire, to write.

Écrire, écrivant, j'écris ; j'écrivis; écrit.

Traire, to milk.

Traire, trayant, je trais; ; trait.

Naître, to be-born.

Naître, naissant, je nais; je naquis; né.

Battre, to beat.

Battre, battant, je bats; je battis; battu.

Coudre, to sew.

Coudre, cousant, je couds; je cousis; cousu.

Vaincre, to conquer.

Vaincre, vainquant, je vaincs; † je vainquis; vaincu.

Fuir, to flee.

Fuir, fuyant, je fuis; je fuis; fui.

Bouillir, to boil.

Bouillir, bouillant, je bous; je bouillis; bouilli.

Assaillir, to assail.

Assaillir, assaillant, j'assaille; j'assaillis; assailli.

Suivre, to follow.

Suivre, suivant, je suis; je suivis; suivi.

Vêtir, to clothe.

Vêtir, vêtant, je vêts; je vêtis; vêtu.

* Like ouvrir, verbs in -vrir and-frir.
Je vaincs, tu vaincs, il vainc.

§ 356. SUBDIVISION II.

Verbs which do not in their principal parts sufficiently show how far they differ from the model verbs, but in which the Simple Future Indicative and Present Conditional stem differs from the ordinary Present stem.

Courir, courant, je cours; je courus; couru.

Pourvoir, to provide, and prévoir, to foresee, have pour

voirai, prévoirai.

Envoyer, to send. (Weak Verb.)

Envoyer, envoyant, j'envoie ; j'envoyai; envoyé.

j'enverrai.
j'enverrais.

So renvoyer, to send away, only.

Cueillir, to gather. (Weak Verb.)
Cueillir, cueillant, je cueille; je cueillis ; cueilli.

je cueillerai.

je cueillerais.

§ 357. SUBDIVISION III.

Verbs which do not in their principal parts sufficiently show how far they differ from the model verbs, but in which

the Present stem varies according as the tonic accent is on the stem or the ending.*

Prendre, to take. (Strong Verb.)

Prendre, prenant, je prends; je pris; pris.

Verbs which do not in their principal parts sufficiently show

how far they differ from the model verbs, but in which not only (a) the Present stem varies according as the tonic accent is on the stem or the ending, but also (B) the Future and Conditional stem is different from the Present stem.

* The tonic accent is always laid upon the last syllable if the word does not end in e mute, and upon the last but one if it does end in e mute (§ 52).