Demonstrative Pronouns. § 287. The Demonstrative Pronouns are divided into(1) ADJECTIVE, determining a noun expressed Ce portemanteau, this or that portmanteau. (2) SUBSTANTIVE, determining a noun understood, and standing instead of that noun: J'ai votre portemanteau, où est celui de votre père? § 288. ADJECTIVE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. To prevent "hiatus," use cet instead of ce when the next word begins with a vowel: cet omnibus, or unaspirated h: cet homme. § 289. SUBSTANTIVE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. OBSERVATIONS.-The adverbs ci (ici, here) and là (there) are added to the Demonstrative Pronouns to render them more definite, if necessary. (a) In the adjective form they are joined to a noun : Ce portemanteau-ci. This portmanteau (here, near me.) Ce portemanteau-là. That portmanteau (there, yonder.) (b) In the substantive form they are joined to the Pronoun itself: Celui-ci this (here, near me). Ce has also substantival use: C'est la vérité, it is the truth. Ce sont les portemanteaux. This ce strengthened, becomes ceci (this), cela (that). Ceci est à moi, cela est à vous—' -This is mine, that is yours. Ce qui, ce que what, not interrogative. = Relative and Interrogative Pronouns. § 290. The Relative and Interrogative Pronouns have almost the same origin and the same forms. They are (quel excepted) entirely substantival. § 291. ADJECTIVE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. de quel de quelle de quels de quelles— of which or what OBJECTIVE à quel à quelle à quels à quelles to which or what. Examples. SUBJECTIVE Je ne sais quel livre est sur la table. OBJECTIVE Je ne sais avec quel livre il s'amuse. Je ne sais à quel livre il a ajouté une page. § 292. SUBSTANTIVE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. a. Qui, who (persons). * Dont is derived from de and unde (whence). Compare en and y. § 293. B. Qui, which (animals or things). Qui (which) is defective. The parts that are wanting are supplied by lequel, the substantival form of quel.* which which of which, from which lequel, etc. (after preposition) which duquel, etc., or dont auquel, etc Examples. SUBJECTIVE Le livre qui est là OBJECTIVE γ. What SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE to which. Le livre que vous avez là. Le livre avec lequel vous vous amusez. Faites ce qui est juste. Faites ce que je vous ordonne. Je ne sais avec quoi vous avez fait cela. § 293. ADJECTIVE INTERROGATIVE PRONOuns. Quel? which? what? OBJ. Quel livre a-t-il ? Avec quel livre s'amuse-t-il ? De quel livre parlez-vous? A quel livre a-t-il ajouté une page ? * Compare votre, le vôtre, notre, le nôtre, etc. Lequel (from quel) may also be employed instead of the existing parts of qui, which. + Quoi and what in je ne sais quoi, I know not what, is an Indefinite Pronoun. § 294. SUBSTANTIVE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. a. Qui? who? (persons). SUBJECTIVE qui? who? B. Lequel? which? (animals and things). SUBJ. lequel? laquelle ? lesquels? lesquelles ? which? lequel? laquelle ? OBJ. lesquels? lesquelles ? which? duquel? de laquelle ? desquels? desquelles ? of which? auquel? à laquelle ? auxquels? auxquelles? to which? Examples. SUBJECTIVE Lequel est sur la table? Lequel voulez-vous ? Avec lequel vous amusez-vous? OBJECTIVE Duquel parlez-vous ? Auquel a-t-il ajouté une page? y. Que? quoi? what? 1. Que? what? is employed before a verb like the Conjunctive Personal Pronoun. Que voulez-vous? What do you want? 2. Quoi? what? is employed, like the Disjunctive Personal Pronouns, after a preposition or by itself. Avec quoi voulez-vous le faire ? With what do you wish to do it ? What? what do you say? * Dont is never interrogative in Modern French. |