"child; and who, after having thus "warmed him, restored him alive to "his mother." The fame discourse of the director presents another feature as edifying as remarkable. Maffillon had just been made a Bishop, but no place at Court, no business, nor pretence of any kind could detain him at a diftance from his flock. The Abbé Fleury, a rigid obferver of the canons, confidered nothing in the reception of this new member, but the rigorous duties which his Bishopric imposed on him: the duties of the Academician never prefented themselves to his mind; far from exorting the new member to conftant attendance, he recommended to him a perpetual absence; and what tended to make the advice parricularly fevere was the obliging form of regret in which it was exprcffed. "We foresee with grief, said he, that we are about to lose you for ever, and that the indispensable law of refidence will remove you from our affemblies without the hope of your return: we cannot expect to fee you, except at those times when some difagreeable business shall tear you in spite of your felf, from the church you are bound to attend." but more teachable. Perhaps the moft eloquent of his fermons are the conferences he held with his curates. He preached to them the virtues of which he fet them an example, disinterestedness, fimplicity, forgetfulness of himself, the active and prudent earnestness of an enlightened conviction, very different from that fanaticism which proves nothing but the blindness of zeal, and which makes the fincerity of it very doubtful. A wife moderation was indeed his predominant character. He took delight in assembling at his country house, Jesuits and members of the Oratory; he accustomed them to bear with, and almost to love one another; he made them play at chess together, and exhotted them never to engage in more ferious contests. The conciliating disposition of his mind, of which his conduct gave sufficient evidence, and his well-known manner of thinking with regard to the scandal of theological quarrels, made the government defirous, that he should attempt to reconcile the Cardinal de Noailles with those who impugned the doctrine of that pious Archbishop; but the impartiality which he fhewed in that negociation produced its natural effect, that of the difcontent of both fides. In vain he represented to them that men, whose duty it is to preach the gospel to their brethren, ought not to begin by violating one of its principal precepts, that of unity and peace; that their difputes, already fo vexatious about Love to God, did not exempt them from the duty of loving their neighbours; and that these ditputes were both an occafion of scandal to the weak, and a subject of triumph to the unbeliever, however unjustly. These wife remonstrances were ineffectual, and he found by experience, that it is often lefs difficult to reclaim the backflider, than to conciliate those who think it their interest to combine in order to confound him. (To be continued) State State of the Military Forces of the Turks. By Mr Chenier. THE first foldiers of Othman, the founder of the Turkish empire, were only volunteers, whom a spirit of turbulence and a taste for arms had collected together; incited by the glory of conquering, by avarice and fuperftition, they were contented with plunder, and with the hopes of para dife. When Orean, his fon, had extended his conquests far enough to form grander projects, he was sensible that it would be neceffary to have an army obedient to their chief, and to complete that military difcipline which his father had alreadyintroduced. He, therefore, established for the infantry å daily pay, which increased in proportion to the length of time they served; and gave lands to the old foldiers, who, in return, were obliged to furnish a certain number of armed horsemen. Such was the origin of regular troops in the Ottoman empire, and this plan has been followed and improved, according as the Sultans found their power increase. The most celebrated troops of the Turkish empire are the Janiffaries, who pique themselves much on their Bravery and fidelity: they never fuffer any foreign castes to be incorporated with them; and even Arabs, Egyptians, and Moors, although Mahometans, cannot be admitted among this body. The number of the Janiffaries who receive pay is not exactly known. At the beginning of this century there were an hundred and eighty-fix companies; but as fome of them are very numerous, and others mich less for I doubt much whether this militia exceeds fixty thoufand men, who are dispersed throughout the capital, and all the strong places of the empire. The Janiffaries are allowed to exercife mechanical professions. Those who are not married, who labour, and who, for this realon, are not lodged VOL. XI. No. 65. Pp in barracks, do not receive victuals. Next to the Janissaries are the cannoniers, bombardiers, miners, and others, who each have their chief, and perform their service separately. From the Grand Signior to the humblest individual; all the Turks are honoured with being Janiffaries. There are nose who do not confider it as an honour to serve, or to contri bute towards the defence of their religion, but the Janissaries only perform service, and receive pay; the reft are honorary foldiers. Each company has its particular money-box; under the direction of a commiffary, and a few officers. The wealth of the deceased Janissaries is deposited in it, and whatever is taken from this treafury, mast be employed only for keeping up tents, and other military articles; for relieving infirm or necessitous foldiers, or for the ransom of Jamiffaries who are flaves. The troops of the feraglio, and the sovereign's guards, the Bostangis, the Capigis, and the Baltagis, form a part of the Ottoman militia; but these go to war only occafionally: attached to the service of the palace, and the per son of the prince, they never march but along with him. In the provinces there are troops of infantry, who replace, the Janiffa ries when occafion may require; but these never receive pay except when they are employed, and it is furnished by the province to which they belong. Independent of these bodies of foldiers, who ate augmented according to emergencies, in cafe of war, the provinces are obliged, at their own expences, to raise recruits, who are paid a certain fum for the campaign. Besides this, the Ottoman army is reinforced, and often over burdened with a multitude of volunteers, attracted by a defire for pillage, and a love to their religion; but these reinforcements, instead of being of any affittance, serve only to waste provifions, and to spread confufion, because fuch crowds of undisciplined foldiers, acknowledging no chief, can never act in concert together. force.nents Sangiak is only an office of the lowest rank; it has only to distinguish it the fangiak, or flag, from which it derives its name. Above this offices there is the Sangiak-Bey and the Pacha, among whom the Beigler-Beys are the most honourable, and they have a number of Sangiaks undes their jurifdiction. The conformity of these titles, fince the Roman empire to this period, leave us in doubt respecting their origin. The Romans called them Vexillarii Mii tes, the French Bannerets; and the Ottomans name them Sungiak, all of which indicate the flag, or banner, under which the foldiers were affembled. no The principal fstrength of the Ottoman army consists in cavalry, on ac count of the abundance and goodness of their horfes, their skill in mana ging them, and the dexterity with which they use swords and scimetars. The Turkish cavalry, however, is not fo numerous as their infantry, but it. is nearly fo. A part of this cavalry, not exceeding fifteen or fixteen thoufand men, is destined for the sultan's guard, and is paid by the state; the reft, which comes from the provinces, According to an estimate made is paid alfo by the state, when in actual fervice; but, at all other times, it is maintained by officers called Zaim and Timariot, who enjoy these military benefices, in order to furnish, in case of necessity, a number of armed cavaliers, proportioned to the fiefs which they poffefs, and the produce of their lands, which is a pay anticipated. These establishments have been transmitted from the Romans, who distribuned to the military upon the frontiers of their empire a part of their conqueffs. The Franks, when they entered Gaul, thewed the fame iberality to their soldiers; but these fiefs paffed insensibly to individuals, called Knights Bannerets, and even to Ecclesiastics; and the enjoyment of these benefices subjected them to military service. These institutions, which have varied in Europe, have been perpetuated in Turkey, where, notwithstanding the abufes of which they are afceptible, they are observed with the utmost fidelity. This feudal militia is generally united under the banner of its Sangiak, or commander. This formerly was one of the most distinguished employments, when there were neither Beys nor Pachas; but, since the regulations made by Soliman, what is called the by Count Marfigli, this cavalry amounts to more than fifty thousand men, independent of a an equal namber, or nearly so, kept on the frontier places, or attending the Pachas, and other lords who are in the military service. These different bodies of the Turkish cavalry make more than an hundred and twenty thousand men; and as the Tartars, united to the Oноmans by the fame interest and the fame belief, may easily afssemble as many, in cases of absolute neceffity, the Grand Signior can raise more than two hundred thousand armed horsemen. Confining ourselves to the fame number of infantry, it appears that the Ottoman empire can fet on foot from four to five hundred thousand foldiers, without reckoning volunteers, whilft it scarcely pays fixty thousand embodied in the time of peace. Such is the advantage which the Ottoman empire has over its neighbours in military force, since the laster, obliged at all times to support powerful armies, are under the necessity of making the greatest efforts, though they may have neither the same means in respect of riches, nos the fame resources in respect of population. The The Ottomans have preserved the manner of fighting practised by the ancients; and, as they are not very fond of innovations, it is doubtful whether they will ever adopt any other. Their army, when the ground upon which it is drawn up will admit, forms a crefcent, which they extend to a sufficient length to enclose the enemy, and this cannot fail of giving them the advantage in point of number; but as, in the environs of the Danube, which are the usual theatre of their wars, the Ottomans cannot eafily adopt this method, on account of the inequality of the ground, it of ten happens that their detachments, which make attacks without order, and without concert, impede one another, and render their efforts of no avail, if they do not destroy each other. It is the interest of the Ottomans to avoid general actions, and to confine themselves to skirmishing, and to the defending of posts, in which they can fignalize their bravery, and attack with advantage, with out being under any constraint in their evolutions. In fuch actions they have been often seen to return several times upon the enemy, with their fabres in their hands, and at length to obtain a complete victory; whilst, in general actions, their natural impetuosity, a want of forefight, and the irregularity with which they make their attacks, serve only to spread confufion'; and a large army, once shaken and routed, cannot be again easily rallied. Notwithstanding those fits of confidence or fear, which superftition inspires into the Ottomans, they cannot be accused with a want of courage : theirs, excited by fanaticism, rises of ten to ferocity. An Ottoman soldier is never afraid of another; but, in a pitched battle, if an European army can once withstand the impetuous fire of the Ottomans, they may consider themselves as fure of obtaining a victory; because the latter, not being capable of following the regular and methodical motions of European tactics, are always afraid of the effects produced by their harmony. The Europeans have the inestimable advantage of encampments, of their artillery being readily and exactly served, of the activity of their musquetry, of the use of the bayonet, and of the knowledge of evolutions; while the Ottomans have nothing to oppose to this military theory, but blind courage and ferociousness, which, fubjected to chance, are almost always unfuccefsful. They never make use of the bayonet; they are flow in handling their muskets, which, through impatience, they abandon for their naked fabres, and both officers and foldiers, who scarcely differ in asy thing but their rank, follow the fame plan, so that, in such impetuous motions, the fate of the battle is foon decided. The Ottoman soldiers, as well as those of the Romans, are honoured by their office, and the first step of an officer is to be a common janiffary; because, in Turkey, it is only by obeying that one can learn to command. The Ottoman troops are fubmissive to the orders of their chiefs; but, notwithstanding their respect for this effential part of difcipline, their ardent difpofition, and the influence which war always has over events, render them haughty and ready to mutiny, and to entertain a spirit of revolt; but it is to the want of prudence in their chiefs, or to the circumstances of the moment, that we must attribute those insurrections, which have often decided the success of campaigns, determined the fate of generals, and disturbed the repose of the empire. The Ottoman foldiers are in general fine troops; we may even fay that they are good troops, as they ferve with good will, and not through constraint; for it is not upon discip. line only that the real strength of an army depends. The Ottoman foldiers diers never enervate themselves by repose; and if they are ever so little trained, and well commanded, they are fit to undertake any thing. Among the Ottomans uniformity of ftature is not much regarded, and every man is a foldier, provided he is in a condition to serve. Besides, the Ottomans are, in general, very fine men, There is no uniform colour either for their dress. The janissaries, however, wear a green dress, and large blue breeches, without adhering too rigorously to the same shade of colour. The troops are paid every three months, and they themselves are obliged to furnish their own clothes. PP2 The Ottomans exercise their foldiers with great guns, bombs, and the musket, and they are subjected to no other military exercise whatever, Formerly they were exercised in fhocting with the bow and cross, bow, but these are no longer used fince the musket has supplied their place. It is not possible to reconcile the precision of the European tactics, with the prejudices of a nation, as averse to the customs of others as it is tenacious of its own. The Ottoman forces would be invincible, did they, to the delirium of fanaticism and fuperiority of numbers, unite a practice in the art of war, and the science of evolutions. Conducted by the law of deftiny, and being little fufceptible of deliberate courage, the Ottomans follow only a rapid impulfion, which inspires ferocity or fear. However dangerous it may be to destroy the prejudices of a nation, there are still other obstacles, perhaps equally insurmountable. Having very little define for making conquests, the Ottomans keep on foot no more forces than are necessary for preserving what they have already acquired, and in time of peace they scarcely pay the fixth part of what they can arm in time of war. Should they form their militia according to the military evolutions brought to perfection in Europe, it would be necessary also that they should have numerouslegions constantly exercised, and always ready to combat, which would encrease, in the proportion of fix to one, the expences destined for the maintainance of foldiers, and give to the army, already poffeffed of too much influence, an afcendency that might entirely destroy public tranquillity. It is to be prefumed be fides, and we are to expect the fame thing from time and from reafon, that the fury of arms, and that perfection of evolutions will, perhaps, re, lax in Europe; and that fovereigns will rencunce those formidable armies, which impoverish their people by the expences they occafion, and by depriving agriculture of a number of hands, so much the more neceffary, as the earth requires more care, fince the wants of men have been multi, plied. They will then reduce to fim, licity those evolutions, the whole merit of which confifts in precifior, and which are, perhaps, incompatible with the hazard and confufion of engagements. Might they not be con, tented with keeping on foot only an army sufficient to protect their frontiers, and a body of provincial mali, tia exercised from time to time, and always ready to affenible for the defence of the state? This militia might easily perform simple evolu tions; and those striking manœuvres, which have contributed to the ag grandisement and the glory of the House of Brandenburg, and which the late King of Pruffa alone had a paffion for bringing to perfection, be coming insensibly effaced from the remembrance of nations, they will all find themselves upon a level in this respect. It must every where be allowed that foldiers cannot be familiarised with these manœuvres, but by tormenting them, and keeping them in continual activity, which requires |