ple to go crazy or perish. To steal from the nation would be to break into one's own residence and run off with its contents.

In addition to the duties of his trade, pursuit or profession, each American must make his nation an aim and a task, for he is a piece of its king. A republic is a joint stock company in whose profits each citizen has the same interest. Each voter holds a bond and must see to it that it is always as good as gold.

The scholar is assumed to be a person of learning, mental sensibility and of high morals. He may be a most polished criminal, but the laws of the human intellect compel the best morality to attach itself to an education that knows good paths to good ends and that creates a sensibility in favor of the best path. While many a good scholar has been hung and many others should be at a rope's end or behind bars, yet it remains a most grand and evident truth that the whole globe has been created and made beautiful by its scholars. History is very incomplete and does not lead us very far back, but it always finds

great epochs to start in some group of minds eminent for a local intellectual greatness. From Moses to Pericles and from Pericles to Augustus the flag of the state was always related to the education of the times. It is absurd to suppose that the old constitutional monarchies or republics, like those of the Hebrews, Greeks and Romans, could have emerged from the most ignorant classes. They came from the most advanced thought of each place and time. Out of dense ignorance despot

isms are born.

Each Greek scholar was enamored of his State. His poetry, his prose, his eloquence, his physical power pointed to the beloved nation. Alcæus said that "Walls, theatres, porches and equipage will not make a state, but only great men can create such a result." To this definition Aristides and others added this thought: "Where great men are who know how to take care of themselves, there is the State." This is that old wisdom that Sir William Jones rendered into the English poem: "What Constitutes a State ?"

It should impress the modern mind deeply that those two nations whose names are worn out by everlasting allusion, never became so degraded as to elect a blockhead for a national leader. Scholars ruled for a thousand years. Vice conquered at last, but the scholars compelled the evil day to defer its coming. When Cæsar fell he was the leading student, writer and orator of his age. The writings of Homer demonstrate that the Greek state began in a superior scholarship, those poems being abundant evidence that Homer came up out of an Aryan civilization as great as his songs. The law that something comes from something applies to Homer. So great, those poems came from something great. We are bound therefore to think of all the space between Homer and Cæsar as being dominated by the highest education of the entire ten centuries.

The Roman civilization died in the death of the literary spirit, and when in the fourteenth century national life and beauty reappeared it first presented itself at the doors of the universities. It came,

restudying the wide learning by neglect of which it had died. Before Protestantism had being scholarship had reappeared in the Roman Church and had created men like Dante, and all that new thought that was destined to run on to Bacon and Shakespeare. Luther was himself created by the new mental beauty Romanism had assumed. The Church had grown weary of the senseless literature of the fanatics and had compelled the old classic masters to return to the desk of the schoolmaster and the studio of the thinker. This great return created the Luthers and Melancthons, and made the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The classical awakening that created a group of Luthers made also a group of Bossuets and Fenelons inside of the old Sanctuary. Whoever shall read the Telemachus of Fenelon will perceive that the Catholic Church had gone back toward the scholarly power of old Athens.

The pot-house politician is named after the ale house in which he passed his waking hours. In our land the word "saloon" displaces the term "pot-house," but leaves

unchanged the kind of statesman that is created and sustained by the friends of the jug and the sawdust. The pot-house statesman can often read and write; and he has at his tongue's end some words of more or less import. He relies more upon profanity than upon argument, because to affirm something by the devil or by the Almighty is a shorter cut to a conclusion than the path followed by a logician. What a scholarly statesman would study over for years a pot-house politician can determine in a few seconds when he and his audience are as full of ale as they are empty of intelligence. To the intellect of this form of mental ruin a city or a nation is as inconceivable as eternity or the beginning of time. The word "City" or "Nation" implies only a mass of money to be gotten. This pile of money is not in a mine to be dug out with a pick; nor in the field to be coaxed out with a plow. It is heaped up on a table covered with green baize, and is to be secured by means of marked cards or loaded dice. The saloon politician has the intellect that can see the