of Tom. Cribb and Molyneux, or young Dutch latter sentence seems to possess considerable popuSam and the Champion, "milling" each other's larity; for we find it adopted, verbatim, in “Goodeyes out, in the full glory of the pugilistic science. [rich's Pictorial Geography,"(1) a very elaborate To complete the gallery, let us depict the cele-work, printed as late as 1840, four years after our brated dog" Billy," backed to kill so many rats to the friends, the "monastic Macœnases," had been comhour, and performing his feats of prowess, amid pelled to leave their confiscated convents, and the enthusiastic plaudits of the gay "coves" around. were rather more anxiously occupied in escaping, In the back ground, let a cock-pit, "dim twink- than in teaching the "deaths of martyrs." The ling," be seen, with all the facilities which it af- author of the last mentioned work goes somewhat fords for gratifying the finer sensibilities of hu- farther, and informs us that at that day (1840) manity. This collection finished, let us cross the Spain had "few writers, and the sciences were Atlantic, and, under our own eagle, let us cause the almost entirely neglected"-" natural philosophy, etching of some such delightful occurrence, as the chemistry and mathematics, were centuries in arhanging of a Quaker in old times, in New-Eng- rear"-" the lower classes seldom learned to read land, or the drowning of a witch. Let us follow it and write, and those above them were seldom inup with one of the "beds of justice" holden by structed in any thing, but reading, writing and Judge Lynch-the tar-barrel looking melancholy arithmetic." After so wholesale and authoritain the corner-soft plumes awaiting their destined tive a condemnation of the present, the reader naapplication—a bowie-knife and an Arkansas tooth-turally looks back for consolation to the past, and pick, lending the enchantment of their presence. is surprised at finding that there also, the prospect And how would the 'fast anchored isle'-how is equally lonely and desolate. Lope, Calderon would our sensitive citizens be pleased with the and Cervantes, together with the everlasting poem likeness? Would not and should not every voice of the Cid, are the only representatives of the be raised, to denounce the uncharitable, the unhal- Spanish mind, whom the author's ingenuity and lowed system, of painting a nation only in the research have been able to detect, in all time, as hues of its vices and its follies? Can then what worthy of particular mention. Even Malte Brun(2) is unjust in the one case, be just in the other?-or could add the names of Quevedo and Guevara: and can we be surprised at any state of a public opi- Mr. Slidell (3) found out those of Gongora, Garnion, whose earliest impulses are thus stimulated? cilaso and Aleman besides; so that we cannot Poison the sources of knowledge, stamp on the imagine how the pictorial geographer allowed himusceptible mind of childhood errors and prejudices self to be left behind, unless he was diverted from disgraceful, in regard to any people, and it is his inquiries, by the interesting history of "San asy to follow the steps, by which their history Poncio, advocate and protector against bed-bugs," may be falsified, their name be made a by-word of whose pretensions, as a glorious martyr," he is eproach and scorn. Every nation, like every in- careful to notice. It would not, certainly, have lividual, has its moments of elevation and depres- cost half the labor-to have done some little jusion, of trial and weakness and sin. To dwell tice to the literature of the Peninsula, past and ipon the evils which those unguarded or erring present-which is expended in a minute detail of noments may have caused, is a part of the histo- the history of the Inquisition, and all its tortures ian's duty-but to speak of them as if they com- and horrors. The curious reader, and the student rehended the nation's whole chronology, and to who may delight in marvels, can edify themselves each that excesses and abuses alone, are to be with the full particulars of strangling and burning, considered in the estimate of character, is to be heretics en chemise, poison and unicorn's horns, gnorant, or wilfully perverted. A few additional flambeaux and sackcloth, cords, screws and puland conspicuous examples, will show how far this leys! This too, although, for twenty years, the gnorance or perversion may be carried. light of heaven has shone in upon the open dungeons, and the halls where the voice of the Inquisitor has been hushed, by the spontaneous action of the very people, upon whose national character the fact of his existence is told as a blot of infamy !(4) Let the same student or the same reader strive to ascertain, what the intellect of a people, once great, has done under the double oppression of the body and the thought--and he will find all that is given to satisfy his curiosity, compressed into a smaller space, than is devoted to the descrip

In a work called "Mitchell's World," and in an dition published in 1838, (1) two years after the total bolition of monastic institutions in Spain, the folowing pieces of pleasant information are given: 'There are fifteen universities in Spain, but these tre under the priests, and seem to be directed so is to spread error and encourage ignorance, rather han knowledge. All the elementary schools are n no better condition." Further: "The books, which it is the policy of the monastic Macœnases to spread, are lives of saints, deaths of martyrs, and legends of the eleven thousand virgins." This (1) We have no access to the exact date of the decree. It was, we think, in 1836.

(1) Page 635.

66

(2) Vol. 3, p. 842.
(3) Year in Spain, 368.
(4) Vide Note A, at the end.

tion of the varieties of torture, to which the mise- | American Review(1)—have given order, developrable victim of inquisitorial cruelty was subjected. ment and wide circulation, to the history and learnAnd yet the work in which such a course is adopted, is popular and well paid for to teach the youthful intellect of our country the truths of history, and the principles of enlightened knowledge.

ing of the Saracen domination. In addition to all these, numerous historians have profoundly inves tigated and classically detailed the story of American discovery and colonization, while the labors of the Academy of History have been continually removing the darkness, which Time has flung around disputed facts and distant epochs. In geography, it does not seem that our author and editor have had the fortune to have heard of the famous werk of Esquivel, written by order of Philip II, and so accurately deduced from actual observation of almost every foot of land in the kingdom, that Jovellanos(2)—than whom the century has produced no abler judge-calls it the wisest and most complete geography ever possessed by a nation. Equally unknown to them, was the work of the celebrated scholar and poet Don Tomas De Iriarte, composed by order of Charles III, for the use of schools, and containing an abstract of history and geogra phy, peculiarly adapted, by its accuracy and conciseness, for the purposes of its design. In the same unfortunate predicament, was the profound and scientific work of Bowles, on the Natural History and Physical Geography of Spain-certainly as complete, up to its date, as any nation could desire, in regard to her physical capabilities and resources.

We should be well pleased to pause here, but unfortunately there is something still further to be said. We have before us a work called "A Compend of History, &c., by Samuel Whelpley, A. M., Principal of Newark Academy." Our edition is the fourth, printed in 1820, “with corrections, by the Reverend Joseph Emerson, Principal of the Byfield Seminary,"-two volumes in one. There have been, we believe, several editions, as the work has been, and still is, much used in colleges and academies. Let the reader turn to volume 2, page 36, title Spain. We regret that we are compelled to select a few scattered flowers, the whole being too extensive for our columns. The opening af fords a fair specimen of what is to be found in the rest of the article. "Of the history of Spain," we are informed, "little notice has been taken in any part of this compend. When the Roman Empire fell to pieces, the Spaniards were left to struggle with their own vices and depravity; and a hard struggle it was. Neither its history nor geography is very well known even to the present day!" What is to follow, will convince our readers of the truth of the last sentence, so far as the author and We could go on thus, much farther, and expose editor of the compend are concerned: but we are the lamentable deficiency of knowledge here in the by no means prepared to admit, that this proves author and editor of the "Compend;" but we must the universal correctness of the assertion. On the proceed to the continued demonstration, which they contrary, we think that it appears with rather a afford of the same fact, in relation to other matters. bad grace in the English language, which can From the Gothic and Saracenic invasions, to boast of sketches innumerable, not only professing which they devote four lines, they pass to the Reigns to give the whole history of Spain, in a nutshell, of Charles V and Philip II. Here, of course, the but contributing original facts, by the way of gene- overthrow of the invincible Armada(3) is a promirous supererogation. As for the Spaniards them-nent topic, and much eloquence is lavished upon a selves, they may, it is true, be deluded, but they portable Inquisition, which they say was fitted or entertain the idea, that they have had some little packed up on board, together with its full complelight thrown for them, over the past existence of ment of "priests, holy fathers, confessors and intheir nation. Mariana, conceded by all the world quisitors." After a few sentences, duly and richly to be classic, has given them their full history, studded, “sicut est mos,” with “bigot," "engines which has been continued to the death of Ferdi- and instruments of torture," "hellish tribunal." nand VII. Zurita, continued by one of the famous "murder and torment," they pass with colossal Arjensolas, has adorned the annals of Aragon-step into the "vortex" of the French Revolution. Moret and Aleson, have done the same for Na- They then assert, the date of the edition being five varre-Escolano, for Valencia-Salazar de Men- (1) We are far from wishing to be captious, but the fol

doza, for Castile and Leon-Zuniga, for the time lowing sentence from the January No. of the North Amer honored city of Seville-Risco, Sandoval, Monde- can Review, for 1838, p. 220, cannot well be passed over. jar, Pulgar, Bernaldez, Tordesillas, Lebrija, Oviedo," The literal version into French by Condé of the Spawsh Hurtado de Mendoza, Florez, Ferreras, Saavedra, than oriental scholars." Poor Conde lived, wrote and d Arab Chronicles, has at last opened their contents to other Llorente, Quintana and a host of others, have illustra- a Spaniard. His labor was for his country's fame, and be ted particular periods and transactions. Garibay has little anticipated letters patent of naturalization as a Frenchgathered extensive chronicles into compendium-man, with an accent to his name, from a North Americaa Estrada has thrown light upon the population of the critic. The faux pas is a little too conspicuous for wlerskingdom. Capmany, Marina and Sempere, have un

tion.

veiled valuable, political and legislative antiquities-tory and loss of Esquivel's work. (2) Informe de Ley Agrar. 300. Vide id. ib. for the lis Casiri and Conde--a Spaniard in despite of the North'

(3) Vide Note B, at the end of this article.

years after the battle of Waterloo, that Spain was Our plan compels us to follow Mr. Whelpley "submissively waiting to receive the fraternal em- still farther. After setting forth the effect of gold brace" of France; and the editor, by way, we sup-upon Spain, and her colonies also, he contrasts pose, of proving his industry and care, allows this therewith the results of English colonization-obvious relic of an older edition to be printed, in which cultivated no mine, but the fruitful soil, and 1820, as part and parcel of the truths of history. sought no wealth but a field for industry. We canIt is no matter that the downfall of Napoleon dates not, of course, enter here upon a discussion of its origin from the courage and constancy of the the causes, to which we must attribute the mighty Spanish Peninsula-There is the sneer, in print, difference existing between the condition and the compassing its obvious purpose, of perpetuating, population of North and South-America. It has, by misrepresentation, prejudices which would fly however, been long the fashion, to denounce the before the truth. The whole history of Portugal Spanish emigrants, as seekers only after the prehaving been disposed of in seven lines, the author cious metals—to laud the English as enlightened cobegs to be indulged "in a few reflections on the lonists, whose only care was to carry into the bosom history of Spain." After dwelling upon the attrac- of the wilderness, agriculture, plenty and peace. tions of the climate and the richness of the soil, Upon this point something deserves to be said. the excellent harbors and the noble seas, he delights There can be no doubt, that when the colonists of us with the following striking antithesis. "But North-America found their soil without the prewhat is Spain at this day? What are its inhabitants, cious metals, they devoted themselves to its cultiits government and its character? Its population is vation, as a secondary good. Equally true it is, thin; its inhabitants, if we may rely on the testi- that the religious dissensions of England threw mony of travellers, are a poor, lazy, idle, dirty, into our wilds, from time to time, pilgrims of eduignorant race of almost semi-savages. Their cation, intellect and virtue, whose motives and government though despotic, is weak, and their principles were high and noble, not mercenary. name and character, as a nation, are contemptible." To these two causes we owe, in the chief degree, It must certainly have been in view of this part of our subsequent advancement. But it cannot be the text, that our author proclaimed himself, in his denied, that, in the beginning, and until disappointdedication, as "destined by Providence to be in- ment wrought the unwilling change, the one great trusted with the education of youth." "Dignus vin- and identical stimulus to colonization among the dice nodus!" The degraded condition thus amia- English and the Spaniards, was the hope of findbly alluded to, is next "principally attributed to ing, among the glittering sands and untrodden valthe gold and silver, extorted from the mines of leys of the new world, treasures of that dross, Mexico and Peru." Here, the editor finds the at- which we can all denounce so easily in theory, traction of the chase too potent for resistance, and but which it is so difficult, practically, to despise. he accordingly harks in, with the following erudite " 'Enlightened Protestant," and "semi-savage" Caand expanded sentiment, under an asterisk: "Had tholic, all ran towards the same goal-all being the Spaniards been enlightened Protestants, there men-all of course having the desires and passions is no reason to believe that the effects of gold upon of men. Difference of religion wrought no them would have been so dreadful." We had change-difference of nation was equally ineffecthought that the specie question had been dis-tual. It was gold, shining in the distance, which cussed in all its varieties, for the last few years, seduced onward all. Sir Martin Frobisher, in 1576, bat we confess that this phase of it strikes us as had carried a stone to England from the shores of entirely original. Protestant and Catholic, are Labrador, which the cunning goldsmiths of Lonnew words in the nomenclature of political econo- don pronounced to contain gold. A fleet was fitted my. If, however, the view is strange, it is never-out, to seek the precious ore, at the North Pole. theless quite agreeable, for, notwithstanding the "America and mines," says Bancroft, 66 were alfact of our being "enlightened Protestants," we ways thought of together."(1) Queen Elizabeth, had been taught, on high authority, to consider who had done nothing for the previous voyage of money as the root of all evil, and it is a great discovery, sent a large ship in search of the treaconsolation for us to know, in these days of usu- sure. A multitude of spiders which were found, rious interest, that we may own a North-Carolina were seen with joy, for "spiders were true signs gold-mine without qualm of conscience, or just of great store of gold."(2) When Sir Humphrey fear of consequences. It is unfortunate for the Gilbert took possession, in 1583, of Newfoundland, discoverers and colonists of our continent, that it is related that "the mineral man' of the expedithe "Principal of the Byfield Seminary" did not tion,was especially diligent; it was generally agreed, live to tell them, in time, of the great difference that the mountains made a show of mineral subof matters of faith, in matters of money, and, with stance; the Saxon protested on his life that silver what modifications of meaning, they were to un- ore abounded; he was charged to keep the disderstand the passage of the camel through the eye covery a profound secret; and as there were so

of the needle.

(1) Bancr. Hist. U. S. 82. (2) Id. 83.

paniola with the domestic animals, fruits, vegetables and agricultural implements of Europe. They encouraged emigrants by premium and bounty—they exempted exports and imports from duty. Men of science and artisans, were sent out and maintained by the Government-and all the care which enlightened monarchs could bestow, was freely given.(3) "Certain are we," says Columbus, in his Memorial, dated from the city of Isa

many foreign vessels in the vicinity, the precious | contemporaries, presided over expeditions, at times ore was carried on board the larger ship, with such under color of law, yet generally piratical, which mystery, that the dull Portuguese and Spaniards had no other object than the capture of caravels, suspected nothing of the matter."(1) In another carracks and galleons, from the Indies.(1) "These account of the same incident, it is told that Sir naval enterprises," says Hume, "either Elizabeth Humphrey "procured some marcasite, which his or her subjects scarcely ever intermitted, during 'experienced assayer' pronounced to be silver one season."(2) In the face of all these facts, it ore."(2) In Virginia, in 1608, a band of recruits, is difficult to decide upon the respective merits of scarce landed, thought that evidences of gold were the respective parties. Their end was the samevisible in some earth near Jamestown, and Smith it would require a rather nice casuistry to deter informs us that "there was now no talk, no hope, mine, whether England had the advantage in point no work, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load of moral. We must not forget, in the mean time, gold."(3) No one need be told of Sir Walter Ra- that the Spanish Government was far from backleigh's extraordinary expedition to Guiana, where- ward, in starting plans for agricultural improveunto the Lord High Admiral and Sir Robert Cecil ment in its colonies. Ferdinand and Isabella were were contributors,(4) nor of the visions of golden studious to learn from Columbus, all that he could treasure with which the imaginary El Dorado glad-communicate in regard to the soil, climate, vegetadened the eyes of the whole population of Eng-ble and mineral productions, and inhabitants of their land. The whole island was alive with hope. new dominions. In a few years they stocked HisPopular conversation was full of the glittering land; popular writers sought their illustrations in it. "She bears the purse too," says Falstaff(5) of Mistress Page," she is a region in Guiana, all gold and bounty." It being clear then, that the English, like the rest of the world, desired money-it is not without reason that Dr. Smith bears testimony to the common cupidity which stimulated "all the first adventurers of all the other nations of Europe, who attempted to make settlements in America." bella, January 30, 1494, "that in this land, wheat "All," he says," were animated by the like chime- and the vine will alike be of good growth. We The first English settlers must, however, wait until we see the fruit. If it in North-America offered a fifth of all the gold and should be, as is promised by the quickness with silver which should be found there, to the king, as which the wheat hath sprung up, and the rapid a motive for granting them their patents. In the growth of some cuttings which we have planted, it patents to Sir Walter Raleigh, to the London and is clear that we shall not here fall off from AndaPlymouth Companies, to the Council of Plymouth, lusia nor Sicily, in those things, nor in the sugar&c., this fifth was accordingly reserved to the cane, if we may judge from the manner in which crown."(6) In the Charter of Maryland, there some plants, which we have put down, have taken was the same reservation to the crown, and an ex-root. Most sure it is, besides, that the beauty of press grant to the Proprietary, of "all veins, mines the earth in these islands-of the mountains, and quarries, &c. of gold, silver, gems and pre-ridges and streams and their well watered vallies, cious stones."(7) is such to the eye, that no other land which the England, however, did not content herself with sun shineth on can be better in appearance, nor inpushing forward her rival discoveries and mine- deed so full of loveliness."(4) Upon the margin of hunts, in the new land, for, albeit marvellously this Memorial, the Catholic monarchs wrote the contemptuous of Spain, in modern times, for thus following memorandum: "Since the soil is such, digging into "the bowels of the harmless earth," care should be taken, to sow as much as can be, of she did not, in days gone by, deem it at all crimi- all things, and Don Juan De Fonseca is instracted nal to pursue, in the face of the whole world, the to despatch, continually, whatever may be neces simple and economical system of robbing the Spa-sary for that purpose.' That the same spirit of nish vessels, on their rich voyages homeward. enlightened industry was felt by the people, as well Raleigh, Drake, Hawkins and most of their naval as protected by the crown, may be inferred, among

rical views.

(1) Baner. Hist. U. S. 90.

(2) Ed. Encycl. Art. Newfoundland.

(3)1 Bancr. 133.

(4) Edinb. Rev. Amer. Reprint No xciv. P. 14.

(5) Merry Wives of Winds. Act 1. Sc. 3.

(6) Wealth of Nations, book 2, ch. vii-Vide also 1 Ban

croft, 118, 121, 242.

(7) 1 Maxcy's Laws, Md. 2 & 3.

other things, from the tenor of a patent, granted to Columbus, in 1497, for the partition of lands, &e. and which recites, in the preamble, that applica

(1) 8 Lingard's Engld. 185-'86-'87. 3 Hume 108,187,

198. 1 Bancroft 96.

(2) 3 Hume 197.

(3) 2 Prescott 486, 487-1 Navarrete Col. cxi.
(4) 1 Navarrete 229.

tion had been made to the sovereigns, by certain | appeared from the family of man."(1) Not to dwellers in Hispaniola, and certain others, who de- multiply examples, however, which the records of sired to become residents therein, for lands to sow our country unfortunately too readily afford, we grain, plant orchards, vineyards, sugar-cane, &c., may compass our object, by asking-where are the to build houses and mills, &c., and to erect engines mighty tribes, once owners of the soil we tread, for their sugar.(1) After the death of Isabella, and who, but for us, might now tread it in our Ferdinand continued to carry out the same liberal place? Has their race been extinguished-their views, and gave new impulse to discovery, by call-name become almost forgotten-their territory ing to his court, men of genius and science, who ours-by the mere operation of natural causes? traced new paths over the waters and followed them Where are the tribes which we have reclaimed with glory.(2) from barbarity to civilization, from ignorance and There is another matter, germane to what pre-paganism, to the knowledge and worship of the true cedes, which seems not unworthy of notice in this God? Have we erected seminaries of learning place, inasmuch as it has opened one of those flood-among them-taught them to unite in regulated gates of seeming philanthropy and actual unchari- communities-fenced them around with wise lawstableness, which are unfortunately too often opened instructed them to sow the seed of industry, and by our chronicles of Spain. We refer to the cru- reap the harvest of virtue? Have we done any elty, extended to the aboriginal inhabitants of the thing for them, that an enlightened people, blessed conquered territories in America. We are far of Heaven, might well have done, for the miserafrom being inclined to justify or defend, without ble, benighted children of Nature? Alas! our hudiscrimination, all that is really true in Spanish manity has been, to contract with them by treaties history, and we are therefore prepared fully to which they little understood-for territories whose concede that atrocities were perpetrated, frequently, value they did not know-to encroach on them unin Mexico, Peru and elsewhere, at which humanity til they felt the burden of our neighborhood—and shudders. All that it is our object to impress upon then to favor them with our wrath for their resisthe reader, is the propriety of looking at the whole tance, and a removal, for their turbulence. We ground, before framing his conclusions. This done, have given them civilization, to the extent of its he will find that English and American histo-vices and its crimes. We have entailed on them rians might, with propriety, be silent on such a sub-its diseases, and made them feel its power. Even ject, and that, instead of melting over the high-now, we are engaged in "rooting them out" from wrought picture painted by the good Las Casas, the miserable swamps, which they have sought he might perhaps find matter of equal sympathy, as a last refuge, in all the magnificent land, which in our own colonial history. We have before us, once blazed with none but their council-fires, and for example, "A Narrative of the Indian Wars in knew no print but of their moccasins. If they New England," published originally in 1677, and were false, they did not go to the homes of our fawritten by William Hubbard, A. M., minister of thers, to obtrude their faithlessness. If they were Ipswich." If it were not revolting, it might pro- fierce and cruel, they did not go abroad to practise voke a smile-to look upon the cool and calm non- those traits of character. The conflicts in which chalance, with which the author blesses all the they suffered-the colonization of which they were interpositions of Providence, whereby the "sava- the victims-were the choice of the Europeans ges" were, from time to time, exposed to the deadly only-and such objections and justification have fire of the colonists-to see how he rejoices over therefore no weight. So much for our mother their destruction, and celebrates the enthusiasm, country and ourselves-enlightened-liberal-wise with which it was "unanimously agreed to root and free. Is there no beam in our eye? Singular them out of the earth, with God's assistance."(3) to say-if we look at the other side of the picture, Who can read with composure, the graphic description of the historian, who details how fire and sword extirpated a whole nation, in all the multiplied varieties of horror and carnage?" Every wigwam was burned, every settlement was broken up, every corn-field laid waste.

we find that those lands which have been denounced as the theatres of so much cruelty and outrage, still retain within their bosoms, whole nations of Indians-forming a large portion of the population, enjoying valuable and extensive politiThere cal immunities-with their own cantons, villages remained not a sannup nor squaw, not a warrior and chieftains-some of them wealthy--many posnor child, of the Pequod name. A nation had dis-sessed of independence, and surrounded, in nume

(1) 2 Navarrete Col. 215.

(2) 3 Prescott 470. Garcilaso de La Vega-in the 8th and 9th books of the 1st part of his "Commentarios Reales," gives an account of the gradual introduction of European plants and domestic animals, by the Spaniards, into Peru, at a very early period of the conquest. (3) Indian Wars, 25.

rous cases, with ease and luxury. (2) From the discovery, down to the time of the Revolutions of Independence, they were the subjects of wise (1) 1 Bancroft, 401, 402.

(2) 1 Humb. N. Spain 133 to 140, 16 Ed. Review, 84, 85. Robertson's America, book viii, Sect. xxvi. 1 Navarrete cxii.